Chapter 25 Africa, India and New British Empire 1750-1870

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Chapter 25Africa, India and New British
Empire1750-1870
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Zulu

• Kingdom arose primarily because of internal
  conflicts over grazing rights.
• Created a new sense of national identity.
• Kingdoms of Lesotho and Swazi were created by
  attracting refugees from Zulu raids.

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Egypt

• Muhammad Alis creation of modern Egypt was
  shaped by the shock of Napoleons invasion of
  Egypt.
• 1805-1848 Modernization was paid for through the
  development of a cotton industry that rivaled the
  United States.
• Goal was to create a military to defend against
  European invasion.
• The American Civil War decreased cotton from the
  U.S. and helped Egypt.
• After the American Civil War, the Egyptian cotton
  industry slowed down.

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Egypt

• Muhammad Alis grandson Ismail focused on
  westernization.
• My country is no longer in Africa, it is in
  Europe.
• Built canals and railroads

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European Explorers 1750-1870

• Investigated African geographic mysteries.
• Traced the paths of African rivers.
• Looked for mineral wealth.
• Tried to convert Africans to Christianity.
• Scramble for Africa after 1870 as European
  nations moved to create colonies in the dark
  continent.

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David Livingstone

• A Scottish missionary and explorer.
• Led small parties to southern and central Africa.
• Mapped the Zambezi River 1853-1856
• Named Victoria Falls after the British monarch.
• Traced Upper Congo River in 1870s.

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Slavery

• The slave trade ended due to slave revolts and
  humanitarian reform movements.
• The British, the worlds greatest slavers became
  the most aggressive suppressors of the slave
  trade.
• They and the Americans began patrolling the coast
  of West Africa to intercept slave ships.

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Slavery

• Africans who wanted European manufactured goods
  started to develop their own legitimate trade
  by developing new export items.
• Palm oil became the most successful export from
  Africa after abolition.
• Palm Oil radically altered the social structure
  of the coastal trading communities.
• Re-captives were slaves who were taken off of
  slave ships by the British and placed in Sierra
  Leon.

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West Africa

• New European contact brought the following
  changes
• Christian conversion.
• Expansion of education.
• Outlawing of slavery.
• Architectural changes.

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British Empire

• East India Company founded in 1600.
• The British colonized India by defeating the
  French and picking apart the decaying Mughal
  Empire.

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India

• India was fragmented which allowed Britain to
  quickly seize control.
• Iran threatened from the West.
• Nawabs rich Muslim princes who ruled their own
  powerful states became allies of British.

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EIC

• East India Company
• Transformed the Indian economy by expanding
  agricultural production and decreasing industrial
  output.
• Used Company Men to gain access to port cities.
• Hired Sepoys to protect company properties.

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Export crops of India

• Opium in Bengal to China
• Coffee from Ceylon
• Tea from Assam (N.E.)

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Sepoys

• Indian troops who were hired and trained to
  protect European companies warehouses.
• 200,000 by 1857. 38,000 British officers.
• 1857 use of animal fat as lubricant led to the
  Sepoy Rebellion.
• Did not become a national revolution because of
  a lack of national identity.
• After the rebellion, India came to be ruled
  directly by the British government.

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Changes after the Sepoy Rebellion

• A law guaranteeing all Indians equal protection
• A law requiring freedom of religion and social
  custom.
• The placement of a viceroy governor in Delhi.
• Respect for the rights of Indian princes loyal to
  the crown.

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British raj

• British rule of India.
• A critical feature was the use of nawabs.
• The Bombay Presidency was territory taken over
  by the East India Company after defeating the
  Maratha Confederation.

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British Traditions

• Used to enhance and benefit the supporters of
  British rule.
• Endow religious leaders with power to maintain
  control over the population.
• Enforce the image of the British monarch and
  wealth through durbars.
• Provide a justification to keep control over the
  population in the absence of a regular,
  established colonial policy.

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Improvements in India due to British Rule

• Public works and infrastructure projects.
• Cholera epidemics spread due to poor sewers.
• Kala Mari the Black Death seen by Indians as
  punishment for foreign rule.
• Better sewers helped increase production and trade

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Improvements in India due to British Rule

• Railroads In 1870 Indias railroad was one of
  the largest in the world.

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Pan-Indian Nationalism

• Sati and Slavery outlawed by British in 1829 and
  1843.
• Widows could remarry after 1856
• Female infanticide illegal in 1870.
• Followers wanted to embrace western ways, but
  keep best Hindu traditions.

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Pan-Indian Nationalism

• Indian National Congress
• Created in 1885.
• Sought more rights for Indians by promoting
  ethnic and religious unity.

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Progress for Women

• First secular school for women in India founded
  in Calcutta.
• Widow burning outlawed

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Progress for Women

• Female infanticide and prostitution made illegal.
• Widows allowed to remarry.
• Most significant way of instilling nationalism
  was establishing schools and universities.

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Britains Eastern Empire

• Cape Colony in South Africa was a supply
  station for the lengthy India route.
• British take over Dutch overseas possessions
  except for Mauritius.

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Afrikaners

• Dutch settlers who migrated from British-ruled
  Cape Colony for fertile land in the North.
• Migration known as The Great Trek.
• Met with resistance from Zulus and other African
  tribes.

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Goals of British Imperialism

• Promote British overseas trade.
• Clipper ships increased the speed of trade.
• The British settled Australia by sending convicts
  there.
• By 1870, Britain had over 50 colonies around the
  world (after the 13 lost in America)

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Clipper
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Royal Navy Man of War
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The South Pacific

• Britain encouraged self government of colonies.
• Satisfied settlers desires for greater control.
• Muted demands for independence.
• Made colonial governments pay for their own
  expenses.
• Avoided the same conflicts that led to the
  American Revolution.

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South Pacific Whaling (pg.729)
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New Labor Migrations

• After British slave emancipation in 1834, new
  plantation workers came from Africa, the Pacific
  Islands, British India, and China.
• Contracts of indenture were used for employment
  from five to seven years.
• Most indentured servants left their homes because
  they hoped to better their economic and social
  position.