ectoparasites

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ectoparasites
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male
females
Meloidogyne hapla
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feeding tube
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J3
J2
feeding cells
Heterodera glycines
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overwinter strategies

• stay in place and deal with it root lesion
  cyst
• move to a better place sting needle
• use multiple strategies root knot

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Management
Step 1 estimate population density
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management options for nematodes

• crop rotation
• resistant varieties
• soil fumigants (biocides)
• nematicides
• cover crops
• sanitation
• exclusion
• biological control

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susceptible cultivar on left / resistant on right
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solarization
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biocontrol fungi are already on the market
bacteria
fungi on SCN egg and cyst
Society of Nematologists
Society of Nematologists
Society of Nematologists
biocontrol bacteria are being developed
Society of Nematologists
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exploit natural enemies no- or reduced tillage
nematode trapping fungus
egg parasite
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foliar nematodes
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Pine wood nematode
symptoms
Can be serious problem in urban areas, golf
courses
nematode
Nematodes use long-horn beetles to disperse. They
enter insectlarvae and are carried in their
respiratory system.
beetle vector
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nematode / fungus interaction nematode alters
host response to fungus
fungus
nematode fungus
check
nematode
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cryptobiotic nematodes rehydrate when moisture
is available
nematode / bacteria interaction nematode is
vector for bacteria
bacteria
nematode
Nematodes carry bacteria on their cuticle. The
bacteria release toxins that are toxic to animals
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nematode / virus interactionnematode is vector
Nematodes carry virus particle in their
esophagus. Only some genera of nematodes are
virus vectors.
tobacco ringspot
corky ringspot
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dispersal
Nematode standing on its tail waiting to attach
to a passing insect.

• plant material
• soil
• wind
• water
• animals

Some nematode genera can desiccate and be carried
by wind.