Chapter 17 The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530 - 1770

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Chapter 17The Diversity of American Colonial
Societies,1530 - 1770
AP World History
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What was America like before the colonies?

• 1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before
  Columbus by Charles C. Mann
• Review Timeline

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WHAT HAPPENED AFTER 1492?
1493 Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
(by Charles Mann)
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Native American History Briefly

• Native Americans occupied North America for
  thousands of years before the Europeans arrived.
• One reason it took England a century to establish
  a colony is because of Native American
  resistence.
• Eventually disease reduced Native American
  population enough for Europeans to settle.

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The First English Colonies

• In 1492, Columbus Sails the Ocean Blue
• As one can see, it takes England more than 100
  years to establish
• Jamestown (1607) - private venture established
  for mercantilist reasons, eventually became a
  royal colony (government bail-out)
• Plymouth (1620) - private venture established for
  religious reasons, like Jamestown, not a
  commercial success.
• Massachusetts Bay (1630) - colony was
  well-financed, established to be a colony, not
  for purely economic reasons. Of the first three
  colonies, easily the most successful.

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Back in England

• from Why Nations Fail, p. 19
• As the Spanish began their conquest of the
  Americas in the 1490s, England was a minor
  European power recovering from the devastating
  effects of a civil war, the Wars of the Roses.
  She was in no state to take advantage of the
  scramble for loot and gold and the opportunity to
  exploit the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
• Nearly one hundred years later, in 1588, the
  lucky rout of the Spanish Armada, an attempt by
  King Philip II of Spain to invade England, sent
  political shockwaves around Europe. Fortunate
  though Englands victory was, it was also a sign
  of growing English assertiveness on the seas that
  would enable them to finally take part in the
  quest for colonial empire.
• It is thus no coincidence that the English began
  their colonization of North America at exactly
  the same time. But they were already latecomers.
  They chose North America not because it was
  attractive, but because it was all that was
  available. The desirable parts of the Americas,
  where the indigenous population to exploit was
  plentiful and where the gold and silver mines
  were located, had already been occupied. The
  English got the leftovers.

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What Motivates the English?

• The story people often focus on is religious
  freedom. And that is part of the story (told on
  the next few slides)
• These ventures are also about mercantilism. And
  we will tell that story as well.

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People of the New World lacked immunities to
smallpox, diphtheria, typhus, influenza, malaria,
and yellow fever.
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Sugar plantations of colonial Brazil depended on
slave labor, Native Americans used first
replaced as they died off in massive numbers
(Africans proved more resistant to European
diseases why?)
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(No Transcript)
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For one never believed that so many people would
be used up, let alone in such a short
time -Father Jose De Anchieta
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Horses had a dramatic effect on life of native
people not only in conquest of but also in
increasing their efficiency as hunters and their
military capacity on the plains. Historians
argure the initial contact lead to the
proliferation of the buffalo?
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Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) On May 4, 1493 Pope
Alexander VI took action to clear up any
confusion that may have arisen over territorial
claims. Why does this date matter?
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The cause by which the Christians have been
driven to kill and destroy so manysuch an
infinite number of soulshas been simply to get
the Indians' gold.- Bartolomé de Las Casas
Bartolomé de las Casas (1484 -1566) - priest who
witnessed and opposed the poor treatment of the
N.A. by Spanish. Fought for better treatment had
originally come over with Columbus.
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Franciscan missionaries brought Catholicism to
the natives and even trained some to become
priests. Played an important role in transferring
European language, culture, and Christian beliefs
to the New World.
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Spanish America and Brazil

• State and Church
• Spanish exerted control through the Council of
  the Indies.
• In 1720 Portugal appointed a viceroy to
  administer Brazil.
• These highly developed, costly bureaucracies
  thwarted local economic imitative and political
  experimentation.

Catholic clergy sometimes acted to protect
Amerindians from the exploitation and abuse of
Spanish settlers. Catholic missionaries were
frustrated as native converts blended Christian
beliefs with elements of their own belief systems
which is called?
In response to this the Church redirected its
energies toward the colonial cities and towns
where the Church founded universities and
secondary schools.
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Ecomienda
Latin American version of serfdom (forced labor).
Due to disease as well as brutal treatment native
populations continued to decrease dramatically.
Replaced by - ?
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Triangular trade (late 16th to the early 19th
centuries).
Middle Passage -
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According to this map which area of the New World
were most of the slaves sent to -
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• Colonial Economies
• Colonial economies were dominated by
• Silver mines of Peru and Mexico
• Sugar plantations of Brazil
• Silver mining required a large labor force
• led to environmental effects that included
  deforestation and mercury poisoning.
• Spanish used the forced labor system of
  encomienda.
• African slave labor used to replace natives
• unintended benefit greater resistance to European
  diseases
• Both Spain and Portugal tried to control their
  colonies through mercantilism

http//www.melfisher.org/pdf/Mercury-on-a-Galleon.
pdf
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Creoles were whites born in America to European
parents and were at the top of the social
hierarchy except for actual European immigrants
Peninsulares Spaniards born in Europe moved to
New World
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• Society in Colonial Latin America
• Spanish elite included a small number of
  immigrants from Spain and creoles.
• Under colonial rule the cultural diversity of
  Amerindians eroded. Why? What does this tell us
  about race
• Slaves and free blacks participated in the
  Spanish conquest of the New World, but the direct
  slave trade led to an increase of blacks but to a
  decline in their legal status.
• African traditions blended with European and
  Amerindian languages and beliefs to form
  distinctive cultures.

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The Roanoke Colony was financed and organized by
Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a permanent
English settlement in the Virginia Colony
(1585-1587), - either abandoned the settlement
or died three years elapsed without supplies
from England during the Anglo-Spanish War. "The
Lost Colony fate is still unknown.
http//www.history.com/this-day-in-history/roanoke
-colony-deserted
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Jamestown, Virginia. Founded 1607 by 144
settlers. 1st permanent English settlement
easily defended, but it was surrounded by
marshland, and therefore an unhealthy, area.
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(No Transcript)
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In the 17th century, 80 of all English
immigrants to Virginia and Maryland were
indentured servants (labored for 4 - 7 yrs) to
pay for their transport to New World.
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For many poor, taking ship to the plantations was
a spectacular form of subsistence migration,
necessitated by the difficulties of earning a
living and the lack of any immediate prospect of
conditions getting better. Across the century,
about three-quarters of all English settlers
arrived in Virginia as indentured servants and
served usually four to five years in return for
the cost of their passage, board, lodging, and
various freedom dues.
O Dear Father, believe what I am going to relate
the words of truth and sincerity, and Balance my
former bad Conduct my sufferings here, and then I
am sure you'll pity your Destress Daughter, What
we unfortunate English People suffer here is
beyond the probability of you in England to
Conceive - Elizabeth Spriggs 1756
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House of Burgesses - Virginia, was comprised of
representatives of towns from each colony
First form of democracy in European colonies in
the New World.
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Stono Rebellion (1739) slave rebellion that began
in South Carolina. Largest British slave uprising
prior to the American Revolution. Slaves killed
22 - 25 whites before being intercepted by a
militia.
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• Carolinas first prospered in the fur trade, but
  overhunting, led to decline in fur trade
• Amerindian dependency on European goods, ethnic
  conflicts, among Amerindians fighting over
  hunting grounds,
• series of unsuccessful Amerindian attacks on the
  English colonists in the early 1700s.

The southern part of the Carolinas were settled
by planters from Barbados and developed a slave
labor plantation economy producing rice and
indigo.
Slaves formed the majority of the population and
the Stono Rebellion in 1739 led to more
repressive policies toward slaves throughout the
southern colonies. Colonial South Carolina was
the most hierarchical society in British North
America.
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http//www.plimoth.org/what-see-do/mayflower-ii
http//seagifts.com/mayflower.html
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The Mayflower Compact (1620) First governing
document of Plymouth Colony. Written by Pilgrims,
who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower.
It was in essence a social contract in which the
settlers consented to follow the compact's rules
and regulations for the sake of survival.
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• New England
• The Pilgrims formed the Plymouth Colony in 1620.
• The Puritans formed a chartered joint-stock
• company (Massachusetts Bay Company) and
• established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.

Was more homogenous and less hierarchical than
the southern colonies.
Government included an elected governor and a
lower legislative house.
Due to the lack of soil or climate to produce
cash crops the Mass Bay colony depended on fur,
forest products, and fish. Large scale commerce
and shipping made Boston the largest city in
British North America.
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In the spring 1621, as the Pilgrims were still
building Plymouth settlement, Samoset, entered
calling out 'Welcome' in English. The next day he
brought Squanto, who was fluent in English.
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The Dutch colony of New Netherland was purchased
from the Manhattan Indians in 1626. Renamed New
York (Duke of York James II) in 1664, its
location on the Hudson river made it an essential
commercial and shipping center.
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William Penn (1644 - 1718) founded the colony of
Pennsylvania for the Quakers in 1682. It grew
into a wealthy grain exporting colony comprised
of free family farmers, not slaves.
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• The Middle Atlantic Region
• Manhattan Island was first colonized by the Dutch
  then taken by the English and renamed New York.
• It became a commercial and shipping center
  benefitting from its position as an outlet for
  the export of grain.
• Pennsylvania developed as a proprietary colony
  for Quakers.

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18th century European colonies in the Americas.
French settlement patterns more closely resembled
those of Spain and Portugal than of England.
Difference?
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Fur Trade main source of conflict between
English and French (French and Indian War)
Many N.A. tribes took part and as a result ended
up taking sides
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• French America
• French were committed to missionary work, but
  emphasized the extraction of natural resources
  (mainly furs).
• Resulted in depletion of beaver and deer
  populations created dependency on European
  goods.
• Jesuits and other missionaries attempted to
  convert Amerindians, but they turned their
  attention to French settlements.
• The French established colonies in Canada, Ohio
  Valley, Middle Atlantic states, and Louisiana,
  but this expansion led to the French-Indian war
  with Great Britain.
• The French were defeated and forced to give up
  Canada to the English and cede Louisiana to Spain.

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Spain took enormous amts of gold and silver from
their New World colonies eventually resulting in
inflation in Spain (and hurting Spains economy).
By the 1790s the wealthiest sectors of Spains
colonial society came to view Spain as an
impediment to prosperity and growth.
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To reduce the power of the Catholic Church, both
the Portuguese (1759) and Spanish (1767)
monarchies expelled the Jesuits, (symbolized the
independent power of the church, in their
American colonies).
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Túpac Amaru II (1742 - 1781)
Leader of an indigenous uprising in 1780 against
the Spanish in Peru. Although unsuccessful, later
became a mythical figure in the Peruvian struggle
for independence and indigenous rights movement
and an inspiration to a myriad of causes in Peru.
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• Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil
• After 1713 Spains new Bourbon dynasty undertook
  a series of administrative reforms
• Expanded inter-colonial trade, new commercial
  monopolies on certain goods, a stronger navy, and
  better policing of trade in contraband goods to
  the Spanish colonies.
• These new policies limited the power of the
  Creole elites and led to a number of Amerindian
  uprisings.

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The English Navigation Acts (1651)
Series of laws that restricted the use of foreign
shipping for trade between England and its
colonies. Goal was to protect English shipping by
stopping direct colonial trade with the
Netherlands, France, etc. and to secure a profit
to the home country from the colonies.
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• Reform and Reorganization in British America
• In 2nd half of 17th century the British Crown
  tried to control colonial trading (smuggling) and
  manufacture by passing a series of Navigation
  Acts and by suspending the elected assemblies of
  the New England colonies.
• Colonists resisted by overthrowing the governors
  of New York and Massachusetts and by removing the
  Catholic proprietor of Maryland.
• During the 18th century, economic growth and new
  immigration into the British colonies was
  accompanied by increased urbanization and a more
  stratified social structure.

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Comparative Perspectives

• Political, Economic, Environmental, and Cultural
  Comparisons
• Amerindians in the colonies of Spain, Portugal,
  France, and England all experienced European
  subjugation.
• Of the Catholic powers, Spain gained the most
  wealth.
• British colonial governments were more likely to
  develop according to local interests than the
  other powers.
• The environment in all colonies underwent change
  from the introduction of European technology,
  animals, and plants. All lost natural resources
  to European markets.
• The Catholic nations forced more cultural
  uniformity on their colonies than Britain did in
  the more religiously and ethnically diverse
  British colonies.
• The British colonies welcomed a much larger
  influx of European migrants than did the other
  New World colonies.