Diversity of Fishes II

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Diversity of Fishes II
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Fish Taxa Diversity

• Phylum Chordata
• Superclass Agnatha
• Class Pteraspidomorphi
• Class Myxini (?)
• Class Cephalaspidomorphi
• Superclass Gnathostomata
• Class Placodermi
• Class Acanthodii
• Class Chondrychthyes
• Class Sarcopterygii
• Class Actinopterygii

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Superclass Gnathostomata

• Class Placodermi
• Bony anterior plates
• Jawed with depressed flattened bodies
• Pectoral and pelvic fins

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Superclass Gnathostomata Class Chondrichthyes

• Subclass Elasmobranchii
• Sharks, skates and rays
• Cartilaginous skeleton, placoid scales,
  replacement dentition, internal fertilization and
  multiple gill slits.
• Subclass Holocephali
• Chimaeras or ratfishes
• Upper jaws fused to braincase, cartilaginous
  skeleton, single gill cover, separate anal and
  urogenital openings, erectable dorsal spine

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Subclass Elasmobranchii

• Around 800 species of sharks and rays
• Cartilaginous skeleton with calcifications
• Teeth replaced serially
• Soft un-segmented fins (ceratotrichia)
• FIVE, six or seven external gill slits
  (spiracule)
• Buoyant livers and spiral valve intestines
• Internal fertilization (pelvic fin claspers)
• Osmotic regulation through metabolic waste
  products (urea and Trimethylamine oxide-TMAO)
• Single cloaca

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Subclass Elasmobranchii

• Predators (or scavengers)
• Mainly marine habitats
• Slow metabolism and slow growth
• Internal fertilization
• Low fecundity (few large young)
• Ovipary
• Ovovivipary
• Vivipary

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Oophagy orCarnivorous ovovivipary
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• Subclass Elasmobranchii
• Order Heterodontiformes (8 spp, bullhead and horn
  sharks)
• Family Heterodontidae
• 2 dorsal fins each with a spine

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• Subclass Elasmobranchii
• Order heterodontiformes (8 spp, bullhead and horn
  sharks)
• Family Heterodontidae
• 2 dorsal fins each with a spine
• Order Orectolobiformes (31 spp, carpet sharks)
• 7 families
• 2 dorsal fins with no spines, short mouth
• Includes wobbegons, nurse sharks and whale sharks

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• Subclass Elasmobranchii
• Order heterodontiformes (8 spp, bullhead and horn
  sharks)
• Family Heterodontidae
• 2 dorsal fins each with a spine
• Order Orectolobiformes (31 spp, carpet sharks)
• 7 families
• 2 dorsal fins with no spines, short mouth
• Includes wobbegons, nurse sharks and whale sharks
• Order Carcharhiniformes (210 spp, ground and
  requiem sharks)
• 7 families
• 2 dorsal fins with no spines, medium mouths
• Includes cat sharks, gray sharks, tiger sharks,
  blue sharks, hammerheads

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• Subclass Elasmobranchii (cont.)
• Order Lamniformes (16 spp, mackerel sharks)
• 7 families
• 2 dorsal fins with no spines, large mouths
• Includes great white, mako, basking sharks,
  thresher sharks and megamouth
• Order Hexanchiformes (5 spp, cow frill sharks)
• 2 families
• One dorsal fin, six or seven gill slits
• Order Squaliformes (74 spp, dogfish sharks)
• 4 families
• 2 dorsal fins with or without spines, no anal fin
• Includes dogfish and cookie-cutter sharks sharks
• Order Squatiniformes (12 spp, angel sharks)
• 1 family
• Ray-like body, terminal mouth

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• Subclass Elasmobranchii (cont.)
• Order Pristiophoridae (5 spp, Sawsharks)
• Shark-like body, flat blade snout with lateral
  teeth of unequal size
• Order Rajiformes (456 spp, 13 families)
• Ventral gill openings, dorsal eyes, depressed
  bodies, advanced pectoral fins attached to the
  head
• Includes sawfishes, guitarfishes, electric rays,
  skates, stingrays, butterfly rays, eagle rays and
  Manta rays

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Sharks Orders
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Rays Skates Order Rajiformes
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Subclass Holocephali

• Chimaeras or ratfishes (58 spp.)
• 3 Families
• Upper jaws fused to braincase, cartilaginous
  skeleton, single gill cover, separate anal and
  urogenital openings, erectable dorsal spine
  (poisonous)
• Breath through nostrils
• Male have clasper on head (internal
  fertilization).

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1580-2005 Map of World's Confirmed Unprovoked
Shark Attacks (N2,035)
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Risk of Shark attack in US

• SHARKS
• Hits/Att Deaths Att Deaths
• Lightning (year) 179.7 44.9 11.4 0.5
• Alligator 365 13 503 8
• Tornadoes 1036 69 213 2
• Bicycles 4476 107 37 1

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Animal Related Deaths - USA

• Animal Average
• Number of Fatalities
• Per Year
• Deer (Vehicular Collisions) 130
• Dogs 18
• Snakes 15
• Mountain Lions 0.6
• Sharks 0.4

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Home Improvement
Equipment Year Number of Injuries
Nails, screws, tacks, and bolts 1996 198,849
Ladders 1996 138,894
Toilets 1996 43,687
Pruning, trimming, edging 1996 36,091
Chain saws 1996 13,458
Pliers, wire cutters, and wrenches 1996 15,957
Manual-cleaning equipment 1996 14,386
Power grinders, buffers, and polishers 1996 13,458
Buckets and pails 1996 10,907
Room deodorizers and fresheners 1996 2,599
Toilet-bowl products 1996 1,567
Paints or varnish thinners 1996 1,549

Shark injuries in U.S.A. 1996 13
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Florida Beaches 2000
Year 2000 USA Beach Injuries and Fatalities From within the jurisdictions of 68 USLA East and West Coast ocean lifeguard agencies
Estimated attendance 264,156,728
Lifeguard provision of medical care 236,642
Lifeguard rescues from drowning 70,771
Drowning (lifeguard areas) 12
Drowning (non-lifeguard areas) 62
Fatalities (causes other than drowning) 58
Total fatalities 132
Unprovoked shark attack 23
Shark attack fatalities 0