Pioneer Life

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Chapter 13

• Pioneer Life

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Immigration 1836-1845

• Population tripled
• Immigrants came from U.S. and Europe
• Immigrant Agents same as empresarios
• 2,000 families from Missouri, Illinois and
  Tennessee settle through W.S. Peters and
  Associates. (Sounds like a modern Real Estate
  Agency, doesnt it?)

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Europeans

• Henri Castro, French Immigrant Agent over 2000
  families from France, Switzerland and Germany
• Established town of Castroville
• German Emigration Company settled about 7,000
  Germans.
• Many Germans settled in the hill country around
  Austin New Braunfels, Fredericksburg, Gruene,
  Schulenberg

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Slave Population grew

• By 1845, African Americans made up 1/3 of the
  population of Texas and most were slaves.
• Free African Americans required to petition
  Congress to stay in Texas during Republic
• Not all slaves worked on plantations or farms and
  some were skilled laborers such as blacksmiths
  and carpenters.

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Tejanos faced prejudice

• Tejanos were viewed with suspicion by settlers
  and even those who fought for Texas were treated
  poorly.
• The new settlers assumed they had sided with
  Mexico.
• This is called stereotyping.

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Farming and Ranching

• Most Texans had agricultural jobs.
• Corn was most important subsistence crop for
  human and animal consumption
• Cotton was most important cash crop for
  profit, and was grown in East Texas during this
  time period.
• Ranching was easy to start because wild cattle
  roamed all over South and East Texas left over
  from Spanish days.

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Tradesmen such as carpenters and blacksmiths
came. Businesses, doctors, lawyers came. Towns
grew, new towns started!
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Transportation improved

• Stagecoaches Butterfield Overland Line crossed
  Texas all the way to El Paso for passengers and
  mail.
• Roads were dirt. Goods were transported over
  roads by mule and oxen driven freight wagons
  often using Tejano drivers. (The term
  teamsters as in Teamsters Union comes from
  this.)
• Railroads started coming to Texas, connected
  towns around Houston
• Steamboats were difficult to operate in Texas due
  to crooked rivers, few rivers large and deep
  enough.

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Communications Improved

• Telegraph came to Texas in 1854 (Marshall, Texas)
  and connected East Texas towns first. This helped
  business and law enforcement.
• Houston produced the first influential
  newspapers, but by 1860, there were 70 newspapers
  in Texas, most produced weekly.

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Education

• No public schools
• Towns and families hired teachers.
• 1854, legislature to set aside 2,000,000.00 as a
  permanent school fund and the interest was
  divided between counties according to the number
  of school-age children they had living there.

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Chapter 14 Texas as a New State
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New State Government

• New Constitution constitutional convention of
  1845
• Governor 2 year terms
• Legislature
• House of Representatives2 year terms
• Senate---4 year terms
• Supreme Court and District Courts

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First Governor

• Pinkney Henderson from San Augustine, Texas
• His wife, Frances Cox Henderson was one of the
  first women lawyers in Texas
• Henderson, Texas named in his honor

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First U.S. Senators from Texas

• Sam Houston
• Thomas Rusk
• Rusk, Texas named for him

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First U.S. Representatives from Texas

• David Kaufman lawyer,Indian fighter,
• politician, Jewish Texan
• Kaufman and Kaufman County
• Timothy Pillsbury ?

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Political Parties

• Whig Party
• Represented interests of business
• Party opposed Texas annexation and expansion of
  slavery into new states and territories

• Democratic Party
• Most Texans joined this party
• They were the strongest party in
• the South
• Represented interests of farmers
• and laborers

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Know Nothing Party

• Also called the American Party
• Tried to keep immigrants from holding office or
  voting
• Only lasted a few years in Texas
• I know nothing
• Started the practice of electing candidates at
  conventions

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U.S. forts in Texas

• Many U.S. forts were built in West Texas to
  prevent clashes between Indians and settlers
• Indian reservations set up for Wacos, Comanches
  and Tonkawas in Texas
• The reservations in Texas were not successful and
  Indians were moved to Indian Territory, now
  Oklahoma.

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Camels in Texas

• In May of 1856, at Powderhorn, Texas, the US
  Army's most successful experiment in overland
  transportation before the development of
  four-wheel-drive vehicles powered by internal
  combustion engines began. By the end of May,
  1866, the experiment was dead.

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Why camels didnt last

• This was the idea of U.S. Secretary of War
  Jefferson Davis
• When the South seceded, Jefferson Davis became
  President of the Confederate States
• Once the war was over, the U.S. stopped the
  experiment because anything involving the South
  or Jefferson Davis was not popular!

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Jefferson Davis
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Mexican-American War

• Causes
• 1. Disputes over the U.S. annexation of Texas
• 2. Boundary disputes between U.S. and Mexico
• 3. Mexicos refusal to negotiate with the U.S.

• Effects
• Santa Anna Flees to Jamaica
• Mexico ceddes almost 50 percent of its land to
  the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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General Zachary Taylor
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How it started

• Mexico claimed the boundary between Mexico and
  Texas was the Nueces River.
• Texas claimed the Rio Grande, as Santa Anna had
  agreed in the Treaty of Velasco.
• A battle between Mexico and Texans occurred north
  of the Rio Grande at Palo Alto in Texas.
• President Polk treated this as an invasion,
  causing American casualties and declared war.

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Routes of U.S. soldiers
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• Gen. Zachary Taylors U.S. forces were successful
  in occupying Northern Mexico
• They captured the Mexican city of Monterrey.
• A large Mexican force under Santa Annas command
  was defeated at the battle of Buena Vista.

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• American troops landed in Veracruz and marched to
  Mexico City.
• Mexico City was captured, and American forces
  occupied California.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo settled the conflict.

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Terms of Treaty

• Rio Grande became boundary
• Mexico abandoned all claims to Texas
• The U.S. paid Mexico 15 million for the lands
  between Texas and the Pacific Ocean owned by
  Mexico.
• U.S. covered claims of U.S. citizens against
  Mexico due to Texas Revolution
• Mexicans living in the territories gained by the
  U.S. were guaranteed U.S. citizenship, right to
  keep land.

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Land acquired by U.S.
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Compromise of 1850

• The disputed territory was now a part of the
  U.S., but Texas did not keep all of it.
• Under this compromise, Texas surrendered the part
  that became New Mexico in return for 10 million.
• This allowed Texas to pay off her debts!

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Texas boundaries are settled
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Texas grows rapidly

• The population grew
• 1847 106,000
• 1850 212,000
• 1860 604,000
• Under Homestead Act, settlers living on the land
  and improving it owned the land
• Southerners used the term GTT
• Gone to Texas!

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G.T.T.
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New Counties and local governments

• Texas grew from 36 to 122 counties by 1860.
• Towns competed to become the county seat.

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Mexicans and Europeans

• Mexicans crossed the border and settled along the
  Rio Grande and in the San Antonio-Goliad area.
• South Texas towns grew rapidly.
• Most Mexican Americans were farmers and ranchers.
• Prejudice continued
• Tejanos retained their cultural heritage.

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Germans

• By 1860 over 20,000 Germans lived in Texas
• Migrated to escape economic hardships and famine

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Many cultures of Texans

• Polish, Irish, British, French, Czech, Danish,
  Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch, Scottish, etc. also
  migrated in large numbers
• Also, Chinese, Lebanese and Syrians, Jews and
  Japanese came during the 1800s.

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Indian Reservations

• Alabama Coushatta Reservation near Woodville in
  deep East Texas only 1,280 acres.

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