Types of Bitumen and Their Test Methods

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Types of Bitumen andTheir Test Methods

• Your Name
• Your Teacher
• Your Grade

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Agenda
1. Types of Bituminous Binders
2. Specifications and Test Methods
3. Testing of Bitumen
4. Relationship between Properties
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Types of Bituminous Binders
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Types of Binders

1. Tar
2. Natural Asphalt
3. Bitumen

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Tar

• Obtained by destructive distillation of coal or
  wood.
• Coke Oven Tar
• Produced at temperatures above 1200OC during
  manufacturing of coke.
• High aromatic content.
• Pitch content - 50 .
• Low Aromatic Tar
• Produced at temperatures 600OC to 700OC.
• Less viscous.
• Paraffinic in nature.
• Pitch content - 35 .

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Natural Asphalt

• Naturally occurring Bituminous binder
• Biggest deposits in Trinidad
• 100 Acres,
• 90 meter deep
• 10 to 15 Million MT
• Pen - 5 max
• Asphalt found in France, Italy Switzerland -
  Rock Asphalt

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Bitumen

• Conventional Bitumen
• Paving Grade Bitumen
• Industrial Grade Bitumen
• Cutback
• Bitumen Emulsions
• Modified Bitumen
• Modified Bitumen Emulsions

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Specifications andTest Methods

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What is expected from Bitumen?

• Ensure road behaves in a predictable way
• Bitumen performs the desired function on the road
• Does not fail under predictable loads
• Resists deterioration of road with time
• Is able to withstand expected climatic conditions
• Mix easily and form strong bond with a wide
  variety of aggregates
• Is safe to handle
• Modified Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsions should be
  a stable mixture in storage and handling

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What properties need to be tested?

• Hardness Penetration
• Withstand high temperatures Softening Point
• Withstand repetitive loading/unloading
  Ductility
• Withstand low temperatures Fraass breaking
  point
• Ease of mixing with aggregate Viscosity at
  135OC
• Safety in handling - Flash point
• Purity Solubility in Trichloroethylene
• Weight to volume conversion Specific gravity
• Deterioration of properties w.r.t. time and
  temperature Thin Film Oven Test

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Testing of Bitumen

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  and which countries are its neighbors.

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Penetration

• Travel in dmm of a specified needle under 100 g
  wt. for 5 secs into Bitumen at 25OC

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Penetration Test Method

• Pour the sample into the testing container at not
  more than 140OC.
• Stir it thoroughly until it is homogenous and
  free from air bubbles and water.
• Pour the sample into the container to a depth of
  atleast 10 mm in excess of the expected
  penetration.
• Allow the sample to cool in atmosphere upto a
  temperature of 15 to 30OC for 1 to 1 ½ hour.
• Then place the sample container into the transfer
  dish and keep it in water bath at 25.00.1OC for
  1 to 1 ½ hour.
• Fill the transfer dish with water from the water
  bath to a depth sufficient to cover the container
  completely.
• Place the sample in the penetrometer. Adjust the
  needle to make contact with the surface of the
  sample. This can be done by placing the needle
  point in contact with its image reflected by the
  surface of the material from a source of light.
• The atleast 3 readings at points on the surface
  of the sample atleast 10 mm apart and 10 mm from
  the side of the dish.

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Penetration Test - Accuracy
Penetration Repeatability Reproducibility
Above 50 3 of their average 8 of their average
Below 50 1 unit 4 units
Penetration Maximum Difference
50 and above 2 unit
below 50 2 unit
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Softening Point

• 3.5 g steel ball placed on Bitumen sample in
  Brass ring
• Bath temp. raised at 5OC per minute

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Ductility

• Indicates the extent to which a sample can be
  stretched before breaking.
• Length in cm. at breaking point is ductility

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Types of Viscosity Tubes

• Absolute viscosity
• U-shaped tube with timing marks filled with
  asphalt
• Placed in 60OC bath,
• Vacuum used to pull asphalt through tube
• Time to pass marks
• Visc. in Pa s (Poise)

Asphalt Institute Tube
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Flash Point

• Used to measure temperature to which a sample
  bitumen may be safely heated
• The flash point is the temperature reached when
  the vapour causes an instantaneous flash

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Solubility (Purity)
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Thin Film Oven Test
Pan
Thermometer
Rotating Shelf
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Aging of Bitumen
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Other Tests

• Fraass Breaking Point
• Specific Gravity
• Wax content
• Penetration Ratio/ Index
• Penetration after TFOT
• Softening Point after TFOT
• Viscosity after TFOT

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Relationship Between Properties
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Penetration at Softening Point 800
Penetration at Fraass Breaking Pt 1.25
Interdependencies

• Viscosity
• at
• Softening Point
• 1200 Pa s
• (12000 poise)

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Relationship Between Properties

• Penetration at Softening Point 800
• Penetration at Fraass Breaking Point 1.25
• Viscosity at Softening Point - 1200 Pa s (12000
  poise)

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Interdependencies
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Bitumen Test Data Chart
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Tests on Emulsions Modified Bitumens

• Stability test

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Types of Classifications

• Penetration grade
• Viscosity grade
• Viscosity of TFOT residue
• Performance Grade
• Hybrid grade

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