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RAID 406

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Title: RAID 406


1
Epidemiological Approach
in Health Research
RAID 406
2
Concept to take home
  • ???????? / ?????????????????
  • ???????????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????
  • ????????????
  • ????????????????
  • ???????????? ????????
  • ???????????????
  • ???????????????? (?????? ???????????? ????????
    ????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????????
    ??????????????????)
  • ??????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????

3
????????????
????????? ???? 40 ?? ??????????? ???.
??????????????????? ????????????????
????????????????????????????????? ????????????????
?? 2550 ???????????????????? ????????? ???????????
? ?????????????? ??.???????? ?????? Short course
(6 ?????) ??????????????????????? ??
??.?????????????????????????? ????????????????????
2 ??????????? ?????????????? Sputum AFB 1
4
?????
  • ????????????????????..... ???
  • ?????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????????????????????????????
  • ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???????
    ??????????????? ????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????

5
????????????????
  • Tenacity (??????? ?????)
  • Authority (?????????? ????????????)
  • Intuition (?????????? ??????????)
  • Trial error (?????? ??????)
  • Research (??????????????)

6
???????????????
  • ???????????? ?? ?????????
  • ???? ?????????????????????????

??????????????????
  • ???????? ????? ????????????
  • ???????????????? ?????????????????????

7
???????????????????????????????
  • Bio-medical research
  • Clinical research
  • Epidemiological research
  • Health system research
  • Clinical health economic research
  • Social behavioral research
  • Action research
  • Research development

8
???????????????
?????????????
  • ????? ????? ????????

??????????????
  • ???????????? ????????

??????? / ???????
Conceptual framework
??????
???????????????? ?????? / ???????????? /
??????????
?????????? /??????????????? / ?????
9
?????????????(Literature reviews)
  • ??????????????????
  • ???????? ??????
  • ????? internet
  • ?????????????????????????? (Stakeholders)

10
???????????????
?????????
??????????
Adequate subjects? /Technical expertise?
Affordable in timemoney?/Possible to measure
variables?
F easible
To the investigator To the stakeholders
I nteresting
N ovel
To the field?
E thical
Harm to subjects? Subject confidentiality?
To scientific knowledge/theory? To health
policy?, Burden?
R elevance
11
????????????????
  • ??????????
  • ?????????? (???????????? who,what,where,when)
  • ????????????? (???????????? association,
    cause)
  • ?????????? (???????????? why and how)

12
????????????????????????????
???????
????????????? (research questions)
Coverage (????????????)
????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
Adherence (?????????????????)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? course?
Continuity (?????????????)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ????????
Appropriateness (???????????)
Satisfaction (???????????)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ???????
Accessibility (???????????????????)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ?
Effectiveness (??????????)
??????????? DOTS ?????????????????????????????????
????????
13
???????????????????????
  • ????????????
  • - ????????????????
  • - ???????????????
  • ????????
  • - ??????????
  • - ?????????????

14
???????????????????(Conceptual framework)
?????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ?
???????????
??? ????? ????????????? ???????????????
?????? 30 ??? ??????? / ?????????? ?????????/
????????
???????????
?????????????????????? ?????????? TB
????????????????
- ??????????????????????????? -
??????????????????????? - ????????????????????
15
?????????? Guideline ?????????????
???????/????????? ??????????? ???????
??? Active management
PPH
16
????????????????
  • ?????????????? (Study design)
  • ??????????????? (Target population)
  • ???????????? (Study population)
  • ????????????? (Sample population) ,
    ??????????????????????? (Sample size sampling
    technique)
  • ?????????? (Instruments)
  • ?????????????????????? (Data collection
    Analysis)

17
Study Design


  • Quantitative study
  • Explanation, prediction
  • Test theories
  • Known variables
  • Large sample
  • Standardized instruments
  • Deductive
  • Qualitative study
  • Explanation, description
  • Build theories
  • Unknown variables
  • Small sample
  • Observations, interviews, Focus group
  • Inductive

18
Epidemiological study designs (Quantitative)
Case study / Case series
Experimental
Cross sectional
Descriptive
Study Desings
No comparison group
Longitudinal
Ecological
Cross sectional
Observational
Comparison group
Case-control
Analytical
Cohort
19
Target population
Population to be Studied
exclusion
inclusion
Sampling technique ?
Sample
Sample size ?
20
Sample size calculation
21
??????????????? (sampling technique)
  • 1. Probability sampling
  • 1.1 simple random
  • 1.2 stratified random
  • 1.3 systematic
  • 1.4 cluster
  • 2. Non-probability sampling
  • 2.1 purposive
  • 2.2 convenient
  • 2.3 Accidental

22
???????????????????? (Instruments)
  • ????????? (Questionnaires)
  • ??????? (Equipments)
  • ??????????????? (Record forms)

????????????? (Data collection)
  • ??????????????? (Pre-test)
  • ???????????? (Quality control)

23
???????????
  • Primary data
  • ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????????????
  • Secondary data ?????????????
  • ???????????????? (??????????/?????????)
  • ????????????? ????????????
  • ????????? (database) ???????????? ???

24
??????????????? (Data analysis)
  • ??????????????? (Descriptive statistics) ????
  • ?????????, ???????????????????
  • ??????? , ??????
  • ??????????????? (Inferential statistics) ????
  • Chi-square , p-value
  • Student t-test , p-value
  • Correlation , p-value

25
?????????????? (Interpretation)
  • ???????????????? (statistical significance)
  • - Reject of a null hypothesis -
    ?????????????????????????????????????????????
    - ???????? P-value lt 0.05
  • ????????????????? (clinical significance)

Remember !P-value (probability value)
?????????????????????????????????
26
??????? (Implementation)
  • ???????? (Report)
  • ?????????????? (Publication)
  • ???????????????? (Critiques)

27
(No Transcript)
28
Random Error Systematic Error
  • Random Error (noise)
  • Random error is caused by any factors that
    randomly affect measurement of the variable
    across the sample.
  • The important property of random error is that it
    adds variability to the data but does not affect
    average performance for the group.
  • Systematic Error (bias )
  • Systematic error is caused by any factors that
    systematically affect measurement of the variable
    across the sample.
  • Unlike random error, systematic errors tend to be
    consistently either positive or negative

29
Summary
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  • ???????????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????
  • ????????????
  • ????????????????
  • ???????????? ????????
  • ???????????????
  • ???????????????? (?????? ???????????? ????????
    ????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????????
    ??????????????????)
  • ??????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????

30
???????? ????????
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