REPORTED SPEECH

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REPORTED SPEECH

• Unit 11 English 12

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CONTENTS

• I. DEFINITION
• II. BASIC RULES
• 1. Tense changes
• a. Basic tense changes
• b. Other tense changes
• 2. Time and place changes
• 3. Pronoun changes
• 4. Reporting Verbs
• 5. Use of 'That' in reported speech
• 6. Indirect Questions
• III. PRACTICE

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I. DEFINITION

• Reported speech (also known as indirect speech)
  refers to a sentence reporting what someone has
  said. It is almost always used in spoken English.
• Reported speech doesn't use quotation marks to
  enclose what the person said and it doesn't have
  to be word for word.
• When we use reported speech, we are usually
  talking about the past (because obviously the
  person who spoke originally spoke in the past).
  The verbs therefore usually have to be in the
  past too.
• "I'm going to the cinema".
• He said he was going to the cinema.

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II. BASIC RULES

• When changing from quoted speech to reported
  speech, several changes occur.  In all sentences,
  the quotation marks and the comma immediately
  before the first quotation mark are removed. 
  Next, the word "that" is usually inserted after
  the reporting verb (say, ask, told, etc.)  Then,
  the subject pronoun is changed so that the
  meaning of the quote is not changed.  Lastly, the
  tense of the verb is changed, or shifted. 
• She said, "I'm teaching English online."
• She said she was teaching English online.

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1. Tense changes

• a.Basic tense changes
• As a rule when you report something someone has
  said you go back a tense (the tense on the left
  changes to the tense on the right)

Direct speech   Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold." Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online." Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
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Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday." Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier." Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuousShe said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
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b. Other tense changes

• Modal verb forms also sometimes change

Direct speech   Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online." could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?" should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?" might She asked if she might open a new browser.
!Note - There is no change to could, would,
should, might and ought to.
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Things are slightly more complicated with
imperatives.
positive imperative Shut up! tell infinitive He told me to shut up.
negative imperative Don't do that again! tell not infinitive He told me not to do it again.
imperatives as requests Please give me some money. ask infinitive He asked me to give him some money.
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You can use the present tense in reported speech
if you want to say that something is still true
i.e. my name has always been and will always be
Lynne
Direct speech Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said. She said her name was Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne.
You can also use the present tense if you are
talking about a future event.
Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said. She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.
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2. Time and place changes

• Time and place references often have to change
• If the reported sentence contains an expression
  of time, you must change it to fit in with the
  time of reporting.

now then
today that day
here there
this that
this week that week
tomorrow the following day the next day the day after
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next week the following week the next week the week after
Yesterday the previous day the day before
last week the previous week the week before
Ago previously before
2 weeks ago 2 weeks previously 2 weeks before
Tonight that night
last Saturday the previous Saturday the Saturday before
next Saturday the following Saturdaythe next Saturdaythe Saturday afterthat Saturday
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• Examples
• I went to the theatre last night. He said he
  had gone to the theatre the night before.
• I'm staying here until next week. He said he
  was staying there until the following week.

• In addition if you report something that someone
  said in a different place to where you heard it,
  you must change the place (here) to the place
  (there).
• Example

At work At home
"How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there.
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3. Pronoun changes

• In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.
• For example

Me You
"I teach English online." She said she teaches English online.
You also need to be careful with
personal pronouns. They need to be changed
according to the situation. You need to know the
context. For example, there is possible confusion
when you try to change reported speech to direct
speech She said she'd been
waiting for hours. (Is she one person or
two different people?) I told them
they would have to ask permission. (Are
we talking about two groups of people or only
one?)
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4. Reporting Verbs

• Said, told and asked are the most common verbs
  used in indirect speech.
• We use asked to report questions
• I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
• We use told with an object.
• Lynne told me she felt tired.
• We usually use said without an object.
• Lynne said she was going to teach online.
• If said is used with an object we must include
  to
• Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.

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There are many other verbs we can use apart
from said, told and asked. These include
accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
Using them properly can make what you say
much more interesting and informative. For
example He asked me to come to the party
He invited me to the party.
He begged me to come to the party.
He ordered me to come to the party.
He advised me to come to the party.
He suggested I should come to the party.
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5. Use of 'That' in reported speech

• In reported speech, the word that is often
  used.
• He told me that he lived in Greenwich.
• However, that is optional.
• He told me he lived in Greenwich.
• !Note That is never used in questions,
  instead we often use if.
• He asked me if I would come to the party.

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6. Indirect Questions

• Use verbs of speech for questions (asked,
  wondered, enquired, wanted to know, tried to find
  out, etc.)
• Use question words (where, when, who, why, how,
  etc) instead of that
• Change verb tenses, pronouns, and time
  expressions (just like reported statements)
• Use question word subject verb word order
  (unlike a direct question) question word
  subject verb     He asked when they would
  arrive. My friend asked if I was coming

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QUESTION FORM INDIRECT FORM
My friend said "Are you coming?" My friend asked if I was coming
TRANSFORMATION PROCESS
1) Put the subject before the verb. 2) Change the pronoun you to I 3) Join the clauses using if 4) Adjust the 2nd verb to the time frame of the 1st verb.  
My friend said "Are    you    coming?"
 
My friend asked IF    I       was     coming.
 
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III. PRACTICE

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THE END
KOOL!!!
THANKS FOR your Attention!!