Introduction to Cartography

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Introduction to Cartography

• Maps vs. Globes
• General Types of Maps
• Standard Map Features
• Map Projections
• GIS
• GPS
• Remote Sensing
• Representation in Maps or How to Lie with Maps

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Maps versus Globes

• Map a representation of the world or part of it,
  in two dimensions
• Globe a 3-D representation of the entire earth
  surface.
• What are some advantages and disadvantages of
  each?

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Introduction to Cartography

• Maps vs. Globes
• General Types of Maps
• Standard Map Features
• Map Projections
• Representation in Maps or How to Lie with Maps

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General Types of Maps

• Thematic
• These maps represent the spatial dimensions of
  particular phenomenon (themes).

• General Purpose and Topographic
• Depict the form and relief of the surface and/or
  general features, such as roads, buildings, and
  political boundaries.

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Thematic Maps

• These maps represent the spatial dimensions of a
  particular phenomenon (theme).
• Types
• Isopleth maps - isolines connect points of equal
  magnitude.
• Choropleth map - tonal shadings are graduated to
  represent areal variations in number or density
  within a region, usually a formal region.

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Choropleth Maps
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Isopleth Maps
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Isopleth Maps
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Map Projections

• Mathematical method for systematically
  transforming a 3-D earth into a 2-D map.
• Three traditional types
• cyllindrical
• conical
• planar (azimuthal-zenithal)
• Newer Mathematical Projections
• Robinson

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Cartographers Dilemma

• All maps introduce distortion
• shape (conformance)
• size (equivalence)
• direction
• distance
• Maps can be either equivalent or conformal, but
  cannot emphasize both characteristics.

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Robinson Projection- neither equivalent nor
conformal
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Gall-Peters Projection- Equivalent (Equal Area)
Map Projection
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Introduction to Cartography

• Maps vs. Globes
• General Types of Maps
• Standard Map Features
• Map Projections
• Representation in Maps or How to Lie with Maps

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Map Scalerelates distance on map to distance on
earth, thus smaller scale represents larger area.

• Small Scale
• shows large area
• 110,000,000 would represent about 1/2 of U.S. on
  single page of paper.

• Large Scale
• shows small area
• 163,360 would represent a small town on a single
  page of paper.

What is the largest scale map possible?
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• Which end of the spectrum is most accurate?
• Which end requires more generalization?
• Which end shows the largest amount of land?

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Map Scale - 3 Types
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Orientation or Direction

• North arrow or Compass Rose
• European maps of the dark ages, prior to European
  acceptance (1500s) of the magnetic compass, were
  oriented to the east. After compass it made
  more sense to place north at the top during use.

N
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Grid North very close to true north. Used to
place grids on maps for archaeology, mines,
artillery targeting.
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The Mercator Projection, 1569
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Mercators Navigation Technique Gnomonic
Projection shows great circles as straight
line. Mercator Projection shows constant compass
headings (azimuth) as straight lines.
Rhumb Lines
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What is GIS?

• Stands for "geographic information systems"
• Definition a system for the input, storage,
  manipulation, and output of geographic data
• a specialized "information system
• information systems are used to work with
  (manipulate, summarize, query, edit, visualize)
  information stored in computer databases
• utilizes spatial indexing of information to track
  what is where on the Earth's surface

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Elements of a Geographic Information System (GIS)

• Database with spatially-coded data
  (latitude/longitude)
• Computer
• GIS Application Software (ArcView, ArcInfo,
  MapInfo)
• Video Map Display
• Scanners
• Digitizer
• Plotter/Printer

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Functions of a Geographic Information System

• Site selection
• Find density within an area
• Catalogue and track spatial data
• Land use maps, for example
• Network Functions
• Street grid navigation
• Municipal water supplies, sewers
• Hydrology (rivers, streams, lakes)
• Consumer Tracking and Marketing

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Natural Resource GIS
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High Quality Map Display
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Examples of Geographic Information Systemsand
Remote Sensing

• Google Earth
• Zillow.com
• National Atlas of the United States

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GPS
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GPS and GIS are increasingly integrated.
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• Photographic Remote Sensing
• aerial photos - camera mounted on airplane takes
  visible light photographs
• infrared film - sensitive to red end of the light
  spectrum (crops and plants)

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Remote Sensing

• Digital Remote Sensing
• Multispectral Sensors
• visible, radar, infrared, ultraviolet
• Digital Image Manipulation
• Direct download into GIS systems

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Interpreting Aerial Photos and Remotely-Sensed
Images

• Image Tone/Color/Reflectivity colors and
  reflected UV and Infrared give clues to landscape
  elements. For example, infrared film (or sensors)
  return shades of pink and red for healthy
  vegetation.
• Texture the coarseness or smoothness of a
  surface can help in identification
• Pattern human systems and some physical systems
  have clear patterns
• Shadows provides clues to the height and size
  of objects

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Landscape change over time
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Iguazu Falls, Argentina / Paraguay LandSat
Images 1973-2004
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How to Lie with Maps

• Misrepresentation - Propaganda Maps
• Selection or Omission of Map Features
• Scale
• Orientation
• The Authoritative Power of Maps

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Propaganda Maps
Japanese Map from 1905 before the Russo-Japanese
War.
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Propaganda Maps
Map captured from CNN.com on February 2, 2003
one month before the invasion of Iraq.
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Whats misrepresented in this map?
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