Forensic Drug Analysis

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PART 3

• Forensic Drug Analysis
• CONFIRMATION TESTS
• LABORATORY BASED DRUG TESTS

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Confirmation Tests

• Tests that are performed after screening tests
  are complete to signify exactly what the unknown
  substance is.
• Qualitative and Quantitative Tests are performed.
• A Qualitative test is performed first (to tell
  what type of drug is present)
• A Quantitative test is done second (to tell how
  much drug is present.) Example A white powder
  maybe 20 cocaine, 80 baking soda

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FIVE tests used by Forensic Chemists to determine
an unknown drug

1. COLOR TEST (5) PRESUMPTIVE TEST
2. MICORCRYSTALLINE TEST CONFIRMATION TEST
3. CHROMATOGRAPY TEST (2) CONFIRMATION TEST
4. SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (2) CONFIRMATION TEST
5. MASS SPECTROMETRY CONFIRMATION TEST

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COLOR TEST (5)

1. Marquis Test Identifies alkaloid drugs (pH
   8.2-11.0). A mixture of formaldehyde and sulfuric
   acid drips into the drug for a color change. The
   color indicates the drug. MOST ECSTACY DRUG KITS
   have the contents of the Marquis Test.
   
   Dark purple Ecstacy,
   Orange-brown Meth, Excederin dark red
2. Dillie-Koppanyi Test reagent methanol
   Barbiturates turn violet-blue
3. Duquenois-Levine Test in the test is Ethanal,
   Vanillin, HCl, chloroform. Marijuana turns purple
4. Van Urk Testan aldehyde in HCl/ H2SO4 LSD
   purple, Psilocybin (mushrooms) red-brown
5. Scott Test reagent Cobalt thiocyanate/HCl/Chloro
   form Cocaine turns blue, pink, blue

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Spot tests Identification
Reagent Positive Result Possible Drugs Present
Marquis Purple Orange-Brown Heroin, Morphine, most opium derivativesMixture of Amphetamines and Methamphetamines
Dillie-Koppanyi Violet-Blue Barbiturates
Duquenois-Levine Purple Marijuana
Van Urk Blue-Purple LSD
Scott Test Blue Cocaine
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• Marquis Dillie-Koppanyi
  Duquenois-Levine

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MICROCYSTALLINE TEST
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MICROCYSTALLINE TEST

• A test in which the scientist adds a drop of the
  suspected substance to a chemical on a slide. The
  mixture will begin to form crystals. Each type of
  drug has an individual crystal pattern when seen
  under a polarized light microscope.
• COCAINE METHAMPHETAMINE

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CHROMATOGRAPHY
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Forensic Chromatography Lab
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LC or GC

• High performance liquid chromatography and gas
  chromatography are extremely sensitive techniques
  utilized in the analysis of drugs, body fluids,
  fire accelerants.

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Types of Chromatography

• Paper Chromatography
• Gas Chromatography
• Liquid Chromatography
• Thin-Layer Chromatography
• Ion Exchange Chromatography
• Affinity Chromatography
• Chromatography is used extensively in
  forensics, from analyzing body fluids for the
  presence of illicit drugs, to fiber analysis,
  blood analysis from a crime scene, and at
  airports to detect residue from explosives

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CHROMATOGRAPY

1. Separate and Identify components of a drug.
2. It involves passing a mixture dissolved in a
   "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which
   separates the compound to be measured from other
   molecules in the mixture based on differential
   partitioning between the mobile and stationary
   bases

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Chromatograph of THC
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Thin-Layer Chromatography

• Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a
  chromatography technique used to separate
  mixtures.
• Thin layer chromatography is performed on a sheet
  of glass, plastic, or aluminum foil, which is
  coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material,
  usually silica gel.
• This layer of adsorbent is known as the
  stationary phase

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Gas Chromatography

• Book on chromatography
• 100
• 300 pages of graphs

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GC machine

• GC machines can cost 600- 30,000
• Average cost is 16,000

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GC analysis
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Spectrophotometry
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Mass Spectrometry

• A band of charged particles of different masses
  formed when a beam of ions is passed through the
  deflecting fields of a mass spectroscope, from
  which the masses of atoms, molecules, or isotopes
  can be determined.

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Mass Spectrum of Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine
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UV-visible light spectrometers

• UV-visible light spectrometers are employed for
  accurate quantitative analysis of colored samples

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Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometry

• Equivalent to a humans fingerprint in terms of
  drug identification

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IR spectrum of Cocaine base
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How much does a Mass-Spec cost?

• 100,000 to 800,000 depending on functions

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Mass Spec of Caffeine
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GC/MSGas chromatography/mass spectrometry

• Isolates the drug from any mixing agents or other
  substances that might be combined with it.
• A small amount of the substance is injected into
  the gas chromatograph.
• Different molecules move through the
  chromatograph's column at different speeds based
  on their density.
• For example, heavier compounds move more slowly,
  while lighter compounds move more quickly.
• Then the sample is funneled into a mass
  spectrometer, where an electron beam hits it and
  causes it to break apart.
• How the substance breaks apart can help the
  technicians tell what type of substance it is.

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GC/MS

• Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer, is used to
  separate, detect, identify and determine the
  content of chemicals in a large variety of
  samples.
• GC/MS is the preferred confirmatory method of
  analysis by the National Institute on Drug Abuse