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Sensory Processing Disorder: Identification and Intervention

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Diagnosis (based on an assessment) Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) ... Has difficulty using both hands and feet at the same time (bilateral coordination) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Sensory Processing Disorder: Identification and Intervention


1
Sensory Processing Disorder Identification and
Intervention
  • Linda King-Thomas MHS, OTR/L
  • Developmental Therapy Associates
  • Durham and Cary
  • www.developmentaltherapy.com

2
Sensory Integration
Sensory integration is the neurological process
that organizes sensation from ones own body and
from the environment and makes it possible to use
the body effectively within the environment.
Ayres (1972) Sensory Integration and Learning
Disorders p.11
3
Uses of the term Sensory Integration
  • Theory (sensory integration theory)
  • Diagnosis (based on an assessment)
  • Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)
  • Functional pattern (normal sensory integration
    abilities)
  • Remediation approach (therapy/intervention

4
Sensory Systems
  • Vestibular (movement and gravity)
  • Tactile (touch)
  • Proprioceptive (heavy work, input to muscles
    and joints)
  • Auditory (hearing)
  • Visual (sight)
  • Olfactory (smell)
  • Gustatory (taste)

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Sensory Integration Foundations for Learning and
Behavior
7
Sensory Processing Disorder
  • Sensory Modulation Disorder
  • Sensory Over-Responsivity
  • Sensory Under-Responsivity
  • Sensory Seeking / Craving
  • Sensory Discrimination Disorder
  • Sensory-Based Motor Disorder
  • Postural Disorder
  • Dyspraxia

8
Sensory Modulation Disorder
  • Difficulty modulating, discriminating and
    organizing sensory input
  • Difficulty with self-regulation, in terms of
    arousal states, may be under or over responsive
    to sensory input
  • Difficulty interacting effectively to demands of
    environment, relationships and tasks
  • Difficulty adapting to challenges in daily life

9
Sensory Modulation Disorder
  • Sensory Over-Responsivity quick or intense
    response to sensory stimuli
  • Sensory Under-Responsivity -- slow response to
    sensory stimuli, requires a high intensity or
    increased duration of stimuli to elicit a
    behavioral response
  • Sensory Seeking/Craving actively seeking
    sensation often in socially unacceptable way

10
Alertness / Arousal States
11
Sensory Over-Responsivity
  • Covers ears with loud noises
  • Is sensitive to bright lights
  • Fears movement or changes in position
  • Avoids touching certain textures (grass, sand,
    finger paints, squishy)
  • Does not like to get messy
  • Has strong clothing preferences
  • Does not like to be touched unexpectedly
  • Has a poor tolerance to grooming

12
Sensory Over-Responsivity
  • Is often irritable, aggressive, impulsive, and
    moody
  • Has a poor tolerance to transitions
  • Frequently cries and is hard to console
  • Does not like to be held or cuddled
  • Needs help to fall asleep and stay asleep
  • Exhibits extreme separation anxiety
  • Has difficulty transitions to new foods

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14
Sensory Under-Responsivity
  • Has delayed reaction time
  • Is slow to respond to name
  • Seems unaware of environment, wanders
  • Has a high pain tolerance
  • Does not sense when diaper is wet
  • Does not feel clothing twisted on body
  • Does not feel food on face or in mouth, or dirt
    on hands

15
Sensory Under-Responsivity
  • Does not seem to notice when touched
  • Has flat affect much of the time
  • Is hard to engage, may observe but not
    participate
  • Is unaware of body sensations (temperature,
    hunger)
  • Does not seem to notice noxious odors
  • Appears slow, unmotivated, unaware,or withdrawn
  • Seems to be lost in fantasy world

16
Sensory Seeking
  • Has a high activity level, seldom sits still
  • Touches everything
  • Hangs on people/objects
  • Smells or mouths everything
  • Takes excessive risks that compromise personal
    safety
  • Prefers foods with strong flavors
  • Often mouths or licks non-food items

17
Sensory Seeking
  • Seeks out loud noise
  • Likes to watch bright/spinning objects
  • Is excessively affectionate
  • May be demanding or hard to calm
  • Is a risk taker
  • Intrudes on others
  • May be kicked out of child care or expelled from
    preschool

18
Influence on Play Skills
  • Avoidance of handling toys and typical play
    materials
  • Withdrawal from noisy play, toys that make sounds
  • Fearfulness of movement limits desire for
    exploration of the physical world
  • Avoidance or lack of registration reduces vital
    developmental stimulation
  • Withdrawal from special childhood events such as
    birthday parties, dressing up for Halloween and
    holiday parties

19
Influence on Self-Care and Feeding
  • Avoidance and/or rejection of food textures,
    tastes, smells, temperature
  • Avoidance and/or rejection of tooth brushing and
    bathing
  • Avoidance and/or rejection of hair brushing, hair
    washing, hair cutting
  • Avoidance and/or rejection of clothing textures
    and dressing process

20
Influence on School Related Activities
  • Avoidance of classroom tools and materials
  • Difficulty with participation in group activities
    which involve movement, touch or sound
  • Difficulty staying in line
  • Difficulty self-regulation attention in the
    classroom

21
Influence on Social Participation
  • Disruption of attachment relationships due to
    approach/avoidance conflict
  • Avoidance of a need to be in control, or
    aggression towards peers
  • Disruption in ability to develop and maintain
    friendships and love relationships in adults
  • Decreased perception of social acceptance which
    leads to decreased self-esteem

22
Sensory-Based Motor Disorder
  • Postural Disorder difficulty stabilizing the
    body during movement or at rest to meet demands
    of a motor task
  • Dyspraxia difficulty translating sensory
    information into planning and/or sequencing
    movement, especially new or unfamiliar

23
Postural Disorder
  • Fears movement due to inadequate postural control
  • Does not like tummy time
  • Has decreased muscle tone
  • Seems weak compared to peers
  • Loses balance easily
  • Tires easily, has poor endurance
  • Frequently trips and falls
  • Appears lazy and unmotivated
  • Has difficulty using both hands and feet at the
    same time (bilateral coordination)

24
Dyspraxia
  • Difficulty translating sensory information into
    ideas for movement, planning, organizing and/or
    sequencing movement, especially new and
    unfamiliar actions
  • Can manifest as gross motor, fine motor and/or
    oral-motor problems

25
Dyspraxia
  • Is clumsy
  • Eats messily
  • Has a disheveled appearance
  • Uses toys the same way over and over
  • Is rigid in play/routines
  • Frustrates easily
  • Has trouble maneuvering around obstacles
  • Breaks things unintentionally

26
Dyspraxia
  • Has difficulty following directions for
    activities that require more than one step
  • Has trouble learning new skills
  • Is disorganized
  • Prefers fantasy games over physical games
  • Prefers sedentary activities
  • Has delays in speech and/or motor skills ranging
    from mild to severe

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Influence on Play Skills
  • Difficulty with playground activities
  • Difficulty with manipulative and construction
    toys
  • Difficulty with the sequence and rules of play
  • Difficulty with timing and sequencing of body
    parts in sports and motor activities
  • Directional confusion leads to poor spatial
    organization with team sports.
  • Poor ideation leads to decreased play
    possibilities

29
Influence on Self-Care and Feeding
  • Slow in managing dressing fasteners and shoe
    tying
  • Difficulty in mastering the spatial organization
    of clothing
  • Problems managing tools for self-care (hairbrush,
    washcloth, utensils)
  • Difficulty with food wrappers
  • Messy eater
  • Disorganization with personal belongings

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32
Influence on School Related Activities
  • Poor and/or slow handwriting and drawing skills
  • Difficulty using classroom tools and materials
    effectively (scissors, glue bottle)
  • Disorganization of work space (desk, locker)
  • Difficulty learning new skills through imitation

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Influence on Social Participation
  • Social rejection by peers during games due to
    poor motor skills
  • Withdrawal from social situations due to poor
    self-esteem
  • Difficulty discerning social and physical
    boundaries poor social judgment
  • Disorganized peer interactions due to poor
    ability to read non-verbal cues
  • Tendency to be rigid and controlling

35
Intervention
  • Education/awareness
  • reframe behavior (view) from a new perspective
  • Individual therapy using a sensory integrative
    approach
  • Consultation model for home and school
  • Develop new strategies sensory diet

36
Research
  • Roberts, J. E., King-Thomas, L., Boccia, M. L.
    (2007). Behavioral indexes of the efficacy of
    sensory integration therapy. AJOT, 61, 555-562
  • Single subject ABAB design subject diagnosed
    with sensory modulation disorder and delayed
    communication skills
  • Behavioral data collected by preschool teachers
    who were blind to the timing of sensory
    integration therapy
  • Improvements in behavioral regulation noted
    increased engagement decreased aggression, less
    need for intense teacher direction, decreased
    mouthing objects

37
Research
  • Miller, L. J., Coll, J. R., Schoen, S. A.
    (2007). A randomized controlled pilot study of
    the effectiveness of occupational therapy for
    children with sensory modulation disorder. AJOT,
    61, 228-238.
  • Twenty-four children assigned to 1 of 3 treatment
    groups OT-SI, Activity Protocol, and No
    Treatment
  • Significant changes noted in OT-SI group on GAS
    (goal attainment scaling), attention,
    Cognitive/Social composite of Leiter-R parent
    rating

38
Sensory Diet
  • The daily intake of sensory and motor experiences
    needed by a person to adaptively interact with
    the environment
  • Sensory and motor experiences help maintain
    optimal arousal and attention for learning
  • Sensory diet formula intensity, frequency,
    duration, rhythm of input is varied to achieve
    optimal performance

39
Sensory Diet Activities
  • Specific to the individual based on assessment
  • Planned throughout the day to help maintain
    optimal level of organization
  • Most powerful and long lasting include movement,
    heavy work, deep touch pressure
  • Sensation can have calming or alerting effect

40
Sensory Diet Activities
  • Structure activities in a playful,
    non-threatening manner
  • Closely monitor for an adaptive response -- more
    organized behavior
  • More sensation in not always better --observe for
    signs which might indicate an overstressed
    nervous system

41
Movement
  • Unstable surfaces therapy ball, air pillow, air
    cushion
  • Games and calisthenics
  • Jumping, swinging,
  • Rocking, rolling,
  • Bouncing,
  • Marching, dancing

42
Heavy Work
  • Carrying heavy objects
  • Wheelbarrow walk, animal walks
  • Backpack
  • Digging in a garden
  • Working out on weight machines
  • Pulling friend in a wagon
  • Pushing heavy grocery cart
  • Sports

43
Deep Pressure Touch
  • Weighted vest, weighted blanket
  • Firm hugs, massage
  • Lycra exercise shorts or tights under clothing
  • Games
  • rough house play
  • tactile sandwich

44
Oral Motor
  • Suck long straw or thick liquids sour, sweet,
    spicy hot candy
  • Blow whistles bubbles
  • Chew and crunch gum, popcorn, dried fruit,
    bagel, pretzels chewy tube, straws

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46
Womb Spaces
  • Under a table or desk
  • Tent or sleeping bag
  • Inside a closet or other small space (box)
  • Pillow in a corner of the room
  • Creating small space feeling with furniture
    position

47
Tactile
  • Hand toys to fidget koosh balls, silly putty,
    bendable figures, small stuffed animals, pieces
    of soft fabric
  • Extra toweling after the bath
  • Tactile fine motor activities
  • kneading bread
  • sand play
  • bean play
  • finger painting

48
Tactile Strategies
  • Temperature cool is alerting, warm is calming
  • Clothing preferences long sleeve, short sleeve,
    cut out tags, sport socks (no seams)
  • Bed clothes flannel sheets, heavy blanket,
    light sheet
  • Light touch (tickling) alerting

49
Auditory Strategies
  • Soft music-- Mozart, fast music -- driving beat
  • Ear muffs, headphones
  • White noise machine, water fountain, soft
    background music
  • Voice quality -- high or low pitch

50
Visual Strategies
  • Soft dim lights
  • Natural light, avoid fluorescent light
  • Muted colors and plain walls
  • Bright lights
  • Movement in peripheral visual field
  • Lots of color

51
Resources Books
  • Heller, S. (2002). Too Loud, Too Bright, Too
    Fast, Too Tight. New York HarperCollins
    Publishers.
  • Henry, D., Kane-Wineland, M., Swindeman, S.,
    (2007). Tools for Tots Sensory Strategies for
    Toddlers and Preschoolers. Glendale, AZ Henry
    OT Services.
  • Isbell, C. Isbell, R. (2007). Sensory
    Integration A Guide for Preschool Teachers.
    Beltsville, MD Gryphon House.

52
Resources Books
  • Kranowitz, C. (2005). The Out-of-Sync Child. New
    York Penguin Group.
  • Miller, L. J. (2006). Sensational Kids. New York
    Penguin Group.
  • Williams, M. S., Shellengerger, S. (2001). Take
    Five! Staying Alert at Home and School.
    Albuquerque, NM TherapyWorks, Inc.
  • Yack, E., Aquilla, P. Sutton, S. (2002).
    Building Bridges through Sensory Integration. Las
    Vegas Sensory Resources.

53
Resources catalogs
  • Abilitations 1-800-850-8602
  • www.abilitations.com
  • Fun and Function 1-800-231-6329
    www.FunANDFunction.com
  • Sensory Critters 1-866-749-2737
    www.SensoryCritters.com
  • Southpaw Products 1-800-228-1698
  • www.southpawenterprises.com
  • Therapy Skill Builders 1-800-872-1726
    www.psychcorp.com

54
Resources on the web
  • Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation
  • www.spdfoundation.net
  • SI Focus magazine
  • www.sifocus.com
  • Developmental Therapy Associates
  • www.developmentaltherapy.com

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