Material Flow Analysis for Kayangel State, Republic of Palau: Solid Waste Management on a Small Paci

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Material Flow Analysis for Kayangel State,
Republic of PalauSolid Waste Management on a
Small Pacific Island   Emily L.
OwensCandidate for M.S. in Environmental
EngineeringMasters International
ProgramMichigan Technological University
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Kayangel State
From http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageOceania.j
pg. Licensed under the Creative Commons.
Oceania
Republic of Palau
Used with permission from PALARIS, 2008.
PALARIS. (2008c). Map of Palau. Koror, Republic
of Palau Ministry of Resources and Development.
Retrieved from PALARIS Office, July 9, 2007.
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Outline

• Literature Review Sustainable Development, MFA,
  SIDS
• Objectives
• Kayangel Household Solid Waste Generation Study
  (KHSWGS) Survey Methods Results
• MFA Methods Results
• Conclusions and Recommendations
• Acknowledgements

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Literature Review Sustainable Development

• 1983 Brundtland Commission
• Humanity has the ability to make development
  sustainable -- to ensure that it meets the needs
  of the present without compromising the ability
  of future generations to meet their own needs
  1(p. 24)
• 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and
  Development
• Global partnership sustainable development
  objectives2
• 2002 Agenda 21
• Plan of action3
• Millennium Development Goals
• Specific and time-constrained benchmarks4
• United Nations. (1987). Report of the World
  Commission on Environment and Development Our
  Common Future. Published as Annex to General
  Assembly document A/42/427, Development and
  International Economic Co-operation Environment.
  New York United Nations.
• United Nations. (1995). Resolution Adopted by the
  General Assembly 49/122. Global Conference on the
  Sustainable Development of Small Island
  Developing States. 27 February 1995. New York
  United Nations Department of Economic and Social
  Affairs. Retrieved on October 22, 2008, from
  http//daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/769/39/
  PDF/N9576939.pdf?OpenElement.

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Literature Review MFA

• MFA tool for connecting the flows of energy
• and materials into and out of a defined system1,2
  
• Previous applications
• Streamlining processes (e.g., Dupont, Belevi)1,3
• Inventory of available resources1
• Economy-wide material assessment (e.g., European
  Union)2
• Board on Earth Sciences and Resources. (2004).
  Materials Count The Case for Material Flows
  Analysis. Washington, D.C. The National
  Academies Press, 128 pp.
• Eurostat. (2001). Economy-Wide Material Flow
  Accounts and Derived Indicators A Methodological
  Guide. Luxembourg Office for Official
  Publications of the European Communities, 92pp.
• Belevi, H. (2002). Material flow analysis as a
  strategic planning tool for regional waste water
  and solid waste management. Duebendorf
  Department of Water Sanitation in Developing
  Countries (SANDEC), Swiss Federal Institute for
  Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG).
  Retrieved November 6, 2008, from
  http//www2.gtz.de/ecosan/download/IFAT2002-belevi
  .pdf.

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SIDS

• Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Island
  nations with similar constraints to development
• small populations1
• limited resources1
• Isolation1
• susceptibility to natural disasters1
• vulnerability to external shocks (e.g., climate
  change, economics)1
• excessive dependence on international trade1
• 1 UNDESA. (2007). Small Island Developing States.
  New York UN Department of Economic and Social
  Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development.
  Retrieved on October 21, 2008 from
  http//www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sids/sidslist.htm.

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Objectives

• The following research objectives stem from the
• 1994 Global Conference on Sustainable
• Development of Small Island Developing States
• and the resulting Barbados Programme of Action
• 1. Characterization of land- and sea-based solid
  waste generation by type and quantity.
• Kayangel Household Solid Waste Generation Study
  (KHSWGS) Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
• 2. Identification of recycling and resource
  recovery potential.
• Evaluation of MFA in terms of hierarchy of
  environmentally sound solid waste management
• 3. Documentation of available waste minimization
  and pollution diversion strategies.
• Evaluation of MFA in terms of hierarchy of
  environmentally sound solid waste management
• 4. Analysis of viable local solid waste disposal
  options.

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Methods
Household survey time period 14 days
Kayangel community eco-map with KHSWGS survey
locations Modified with permission from PALARIS,
Ministry of Resources Development, ROP, 2004.
Red numbers correspond to household survey data.
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Segregation
Organic materials (e.g., chewed and/or rotten
betel nuts, leaf litter, food residue in cans)
occasionally present in household solid waste,
but not enough for distinct categorization.
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Results KHSWGS
Annual Household Solid Waste Generation
Equation Annual generation (School-year Survey
Total x 0.75) (Nonschool-year Survey total x
0.25) x 26 data based on 14-day survey periods
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Results Global Comparison
More other (mixed material waste)
More metal
Less paper
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Results

• Considerations
• Organics
• Isolated island
• Lack of industry

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South Pacific Regional Environment Programme
(SPREP) Solid Waste Characterization Management
Plans Project Sinclair Knight Merz, 2000
From http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageOceania.j
pg. Licensed under the Creative Commons.
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SPREP Solid Waste Composition Studies and Country
Information
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Results Regional Comparison
Pacific Region Solid Waste Composition Comparison
Similar range for metals, glass, and plastics
More other (mixed material waste)
Less paper
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Results Local Trends
Seasonal Solid Waste Generation Projections
(based on school-year (SY) and nonschool-year
(NSY) data from KHSWGS)
SY data based on 88 individuals surveyed and NSY
data based on 50 individuals surveyed.

• Nonschool year
• Larger population (visitors and part-time
  residents) SY 92 NSY 153 (projected)
• More consumption (cans, mixed materials)

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Results Local Trends
1
2
Mostly from diapers
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Methods MFA
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MFA
MATERIAL INPUTS (VIA BOAT)

Non-recyclable Plastics (bags, snack
packages, oil/fuel bottles, utensils toys)
Ceramics (dishes) Styrofoam (plates, cups)
Aluminum (soda, cooking pots) Rubber (flip
flops, tires, flippers) Mixed metals (canned
goods, cooking pots, kerosene stoves, bicycles,
zinc roofing) PET plastics (soda, lemon tea)
Hazardous (fluorescent bulbs, batteries)
Textiles (clothing) Paper (rice bags,
notebooks, boxes, magazines, newspaper, egg
cartons, cases of chicken) Mixed material
(diapers, milk cartons, cigarette packets,
appliances, cars)
KAYANGEL ISLAND ACCUMULATION INTERNAL
FLOWS
BURNING Non-recyclable Plastics (bags, wrappers)
Paper (notebooks, magazines, newspapers, rice
bags, egg cartons, cardboard)
PIT BURIAL
Plastics (bags, wrappers, bottles, toys)
Ceramics (dishes) Styrofoam (plates, cups)
Aluminum (some cans, pots) Rubber (flip-flops,
tires, flippers) Mixed metal (tin cans, pots,
stoves, bikes, car parts, roofing) PET plastics
(bottles) Hazardous (fluorescent bulbs, some
batteries) Textiles (clothing) Paper/Cardboard
Glass (bottles, mirrors, light bulbs) Mixed
material (diapers, milk cartons, cigarette
packets, appliances, cars)
REMOVAL FROM ISLAND (VIA BOAT)

Aluminum (cans) Hazardous (batteries)
Paper (cardboard inside baskets, boxes)
Organics (pepper leaves, bananas, lemons, coconut
pandanus baskets) Mixed metals (scrap) PET
plastic (bottles with coconut oil)
PIG/DOG FEED Organics (cooking scraps,
leftover/spoiled food)
COMPOSTING Organics (vegetable scraps,
fruit peels, leaf litter, betel nut stalks)
FLOTSAM and JETSAM Non-recyclable Plastics
(bottles, bags, rope, buoys) Styrofoam Aluminum
(some cans) Rubber (flip flops) PET plastic
(bottles) Textiles (clothing, rope) Glass
(bottles, lightbulbs) Mixed material (shoes)
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MFA
MATERIAL INPUTS (VIA BOAT)
KAYANGEL ISLAND ACCUMULATION INTERNAL FLOWS
BURNING
PIT BURIAL

REMOVAL FROM ISLAND (VIA BOAT)
PIG/DOG FEED
COMPOSTING
FLOTSAM and JETSAM
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Kayangel Household Solid Waste Generation Sturdy
(KHSWGS) Survey
KAYANGEL ISLAND ACCUMULATION
PIT BURIAL

REMOVAL FROM ISLAND (VIA BOAT)
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MFA
MATERIAL INPUTS (VIA BOAT)
KAYANGEL ISLAND ACCUMULATION INTERNAL FLOWS
BURNING
PIT BURIAL

REMOVAL FROM ISLAND (VIA BOAT)
PIG/DOG FEED
COMPOSTING
FLOTSAM and JETSAM
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Results MFA
Burned
Removed from island
Accumulated from households
Accumulated from ocean
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Results MFA
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Hierarchy of Environmentally Sound Solid Waste
Management

• 1) Minimizing wastes
• 2) Maximizing environmentally
• sound waste reuse and recycling
• 3) Promoting environmentally sound waste disposal
  and treatment
• 4) Extending waste service coverage

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Conclusions

• MFA as assessment tool for solid
• waste management planning
• Kayangel as microcosm for global solid waste
  characterization
• Recommendations for Kayangel solid waste
  management
• Recommended further research

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Acknowledgements

• Major thanks to Jim Mihelcic for making
  everything
• possible. From Houghton to Tampa, and even
  across
• the great Pacific, he has been an incredible
  support.
• And to both Jim and Karen, I really appreciate
  your
• hospitality these past few weeks here in Tampa.
• Sincere thanks to Blair and Jane for their help
  when I was a student at MTU, as well as their
  participation on my committee.
• Thank you to Jeff from the MTU Educational Tech
  Services for facilitating this videoconference
  connection between Michigan Tech and USF.
• Gracias to Jessica, for being a great
  co-conspirator and motivator to help me finish my
  writing here in Florida!
•  
• Special thanks to my family, who are always
  incredibly supportive, no matter where in the
  world I am.

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Acknowledgements

• Thanks to my friends in Peace Corps and
• back home for helping me keep a foot on
• either side of the Pacific, during and after
• my time in Palau and East Timor.
• Kmal mesulang el mo er a rokui a rechad er a
  beluu er a Ngcheangel. Without my community in
  Kayangel, this research would not have happened.
  Thank you to my Palauan family, especially
  Ungilreng, Billyboy, Poy, Boboy, my counterpart
  team at the DEH, and certainly the students of
  JFK Elementary School for their cooperation,
  support, and laughter.

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Kom kmal mesaul. Thank you.