Title: Material Flow Analysis for Kayangel State, Republic of Palau: Solid Waste Management on a Small Paci
1 Material Flow Analysis for Kayangel State,
Republic of PalauSolid Waste Management on a
Small Pacific Island Emily L.
OwensCandidate for M.S. in Environmental
EngineeringMasters International
ProgramMichigan Technological University
2Kayangel State
From http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageOceania.j
pg. Licensed under the Creative Commons.
Oceania
Republic of Palau
Used with permission from PALARIS, 2008.
PALARIS. (2008c). Map of Palau. Koror, Republic
of Palau Ministry of Resources and Development.
Retrieved from PALARIS Office, July 9, 2007.
3Outline
- Literature Review Sustainable Development, MFA,
SIDS - Objectives
- Kayangel Household Solid Waste Generation Study
(KHSWGS) Survey Methods Results - MFA Methods Results
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- Acknowledgements
4Literature Review Sustainable Development
- 1983 Brundtland Commission
- Humanity has the ability to make development
sustainable -- to ensure that it meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs
1(p. 24) - 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development - Global partnership sustainable development
objectives2 - 2002 Agenda 21
- Plan of action3
- Millennium Development Goals
- Specific and time-constrained benchmarks4
- United Nations. (1987). Report of the World
Commission on Environment and Development Our
Common Future. Published as Annex to General
Assembly document A/42/427, Development and
International Economic Co-operation Environment.
New York United Nations. - United Nations. (1995). Resolution Adopted by the
General Assembly 49/122. Global Conference on the
Sustainable Development of Small Island
Developing States. 27 February 1995. New York
United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs. Retrieved on October 22, 2008, from
http//daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/769/39/
PDF/N9576939.pdf?OpenElement.
5Literature Review MFA
- MFA tool for connecting the flows of energy
- and materials into and out of a defined system1,2
- Previous applications
- Streamlining processes (e.g., Dupont, Belevi)1,3
- Inventory of available resources1
- Economy-wide material assessment (e.g., European
Union)2 - Board on Earth Sciences and Resources. (2004).
Materials Count The Case for Material Flows
Analysis. Washington, D.C. The National
Academies Press, 128 pp. - Eurostat. (2001). Economy-Wide Material Flow
Accounts and Derived Indicators A Methodological
Guide. Luxembourg Office for Official
Publications of the European Communities, 92pp. - Belevi, H. (2002). Material flow analysis as a
strategic planning tool for regional waste water
and solid waste management. Duebendorf
Department of Water Sanitation in Developing
Countries (SANDEC), Swiss Federal Institute for
Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG).
Retrieved November 6, 2008, from
http//www2.gtz.de/ecosan/download/IFAT2002-belevi
.pdf.
6SIDS
- Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Island
nations with similar constraints to development - small populations1
- limited resources1
- Isolation1
- susceptibility to natural disasters1
- vulnerability to external shocks (e.g., climate
change, economics)1 - excessive dependence on international trade1
-
- 1 UNDESA. (2007). Small Island Developing States.
New York UN Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development.
Retrieved on October 21, 2008 from
http//www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sids/sidslist.htm.
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8Objectives
- The following research objectives stem from the
- 1994 Global Conference on Sustainable
- Development of Small Island Developing States
- and the resulting Barbados Programme of Action
-
- 1. Characterization of land- and sea-based solid
waste generation by type and quantity. - Kayangel Household Solid Waste Generation Study
(KHSWGS) Material Flow Analysis (MFA) - 2. Identification of recycling and resource
recovery potential. - Evaluation of MFA in terms of hierarchy of
environmentally sound solid waste management - 3. Documentation of available waste minimization
and pollution diversion strategies. - Evaluation of MFA in terms of hierarchy of
environmentally sound solid waste management - 4. Analysis of viable local solid waste disposal
options.
9Methods
Household survey time period 14 days
Kayangel community eco-map with KHSWGS survey
locations Modified with permission from PALARIS,
Ministry of Resources Development, ROP, 2004.
Red numbers correspond to household survey data.
10Segregation
Organic materials (e.g., chewed and/or rotten
betel nuts, leaf litter, food residue in cans)
occasionally present in household solid waste,
but not enough for distinct categorization.
11Results KHSWGS
Annual Household Solid Waste Generation
Equation Annual generation (School-year Survey
Total x 0.75) (Nonschool-year Survey total x
0.25) x 26 data based on 14-day survey periods
12Results Global Comparison
More other (mixed material waste)
More metal
Less paper
13Results
- Considerations
- Organics
- Isolated island
- Lack of industry
14South Pacific Regional Environment Programme
(SPREP) Solid Waste Characterization Management
Plans Project Sinclair Knight Merz, 2000
From http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageOceania.j
pg. Licensed under the Creative Commons.
15SPREP Solid Waste Composition Studies and Country
Information
16Results Regional Comparison
Pacific Region Solid Waste Composition Comparison
Similar range for metals, glass, and plastics
More other (mixed material waste)
Less paper
17Results Local Trends
Seasonal Solid Waste Generation Projections
(based on school-year (SY) and nonschool-year
(NSY) data from KHSWGS)
SY data based on 88 individuals surveyed and NSY
data based on 50 individuals surveyed.
- Nonschool year
- Larger population (visitors and part-time
residents) SY 92 NSY 153 (projected) - More consumption (cans, mixed materials)
18Results Local Trends
1
2
Mostly from diapers
19Methods MFA
20MFA
MATERIAL INPUTS (VIA BOAT)
Non-recyclable Plastics (bags, snack
packages, oil/fuel bottles, utensils toys)
Ceramics (dishes) Styrofoam (plates, cups)
Aluminum (soda, cooking pots) Rubber (flip
flops, tires, flippers) Mixed metals (canned
goods, cooking pots, kerosene stoves, bicycles,
zinc roofing) PET plastics (soda, lemon tea)
Hazardous (fluorescent bulbs, batteries)
Textiles (clothing) Paper (rice bags,
notebooks, boxes, magazines, newspaper, egg
cartons, cases of chicken) Mixed material
(diapers, milk cartons, cigarette packets,
appliances, cars)
KAYANGEL ISLAND ACCUMULATION INTERNAL
FLOWS
BURNING Non-recyclable Plastics (bags, wrappers)
Paper (notebooks, magazines, newspapers, rice
bags, egg cartons, cardboard)
PIT BURIAL
Plastics (bags, wrappers, bottles, toys)
Ceramics (dishes) Styrofoam (plates, cups)
Aluminum (some cans, pots) Rubber (flip-flops,
tires, flippers) Mixed metal (tin cans, pots,
stoves, bikes, car parts, roofing) PET plastics
(bottles) Hazardous (fluorescent bulbs, some
batteries) Textiles (clothing) Paper/Cardboard
Glass (bottles, mirrors, light bulbs) Mixed
material (diapers, milk cartons, cigarette
packets, appliances, cars)
REMOVAL FROM ISLAND (VIA BOAT)
Aluminum (cans) Hazardous (batteries)
Paper (cardboard inside baskets, boxes)
Organics (pepper leaves, bananas, lemons, coconut
pandanus baskets) Mixed metals (scrap) PET
plastic (bottles with coconut oil)
PIG/DOG FEED Organics (cooking scraps,
leftover/spoiled food)
COMPOSTING Organics (vegetable scraps,
fruit peels, leaf litter, betel nut stalks)
FLOTSAM and JETSAM Non-recyclable Plastics
(bottles, bags, rope, buoys) Styrofoam Aluminum
(some cans) Rubber (flip flops) PET plastic
(bottles) Textiles (clothing, rope) Glass
(bottles, lightbulbs) Mixed material (shoes)
21MFA
MATERIAL INPUTS (VIA BOAT)
KAYANGEL ISLAND ACCUMULATION INTERNAL FLOWS
BURNING
PIT BURIAL
REMOVAL FROM ISLAND (VIA BOAT)
PIG/DOG FEED
COMPOSTING
FLOTSAM and JETSAM
22Kayangel Household Solid Waste Generation Sturdy
(KHSWGS) Survey
KAYANGEL ISLAND ACCUMULATION
PIT BURIAL
REMOVAL FROM ISLAND (VIA BOAT)
23MFA
MATERIAL INPUTS (VIA BOAT)
KAYANGEL ISLAND ACCUMULATION INTERNAL FLOWS
BURNING
PIT BURIAL
REMOVAL FROM ISLAND (VIA BOAT)
PIG/DOG FEED
COMPOSTING
FLOTSAM and JETSAM
24Results MFA
Burned
Removed from island
Accumulated from households
Accumulated from ocean
25Results MFA
26Hierarchy of Environmentally Sound Solid Waste
Management
- 1) Minimizing wastes
-
- 2) Maximizing environmentally
- sound waste reuse and recycling
- 3) Promoting environmentally sound waste disposal
and treatment - 4) Extending waste service coverage
27Conclusions
- MFA as assessment tool for solid
- waste management planning
- Kayangel as microcosm for global solid waste
characterization - Recommendations for Kayangel solid waste
management - Recommended further research
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29Acknowledgements
- Major thanks to Jim Mihelcic for making
everything - possible. From Houghton to Tampa, and even
across - the great Pacific, he has been an incredible
support. - And to both Jim and Karen, I really appreciate
your - hospitality these past few weeks here in Tampa.
- Sincere thanks to Blair and Jane for their help
when I was a student at MTU, as well as their
participation on my committee. - Thank you to Jeff from the MTU Educational Tech
Services for facilitating this videoconference
connection between Michigan Tech and USF. -
- Gracias to Jessica, for being a great
co-conspirator and motivator to help me finish my
writing here in Florida! -
- Special thanks to my family, who are always
incredibly supportive, no matter where in the
world I am.
30Acknowledgements
- Thanks to my friends in Peace Corps and
- back home for helping me keep a foot on
- either side of the Pacific, during and after
- my time in Palau and East Timor.
- Kmal mesulang el mo er a rokui a rechad er a
beluu er a Ngcheangel. Without my community in
Kayangel, this research would not have happened.
Thank you to my Palauan family, especially
Ungilreng, Billyboy, Poy, Boboy, my counterpart
team at the DEH, and certainly the students of
JFK Elementary School for their cooperation,
support, and laughter.
31Kom kmal mesaul. Thank you.