Snmek 1

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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Factors
Physical temperature, humidity, air
circulation Chemical inorganic and organic
compounds, mineral fibers, textile
dust Biological germs, viruses, fungi, herbal
dust, mites
Allergic rhinitis
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Asthma (Czech Republic)
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Indoor temperature
Sources of heating according fuel type
Fossil fuels Liquid fuels Gaseous fuels
Electricity Alternative sources solar, windy,
geothermal, waste warm from industry
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Factors of heating influencing indoor

• Setting of heating body
• vertical and horizontal distribution of
  temperature
• maximal difference between head and ankle 3C
• Dust turbulence
• ventilators at heating body
• higher turbulence in under-floor heating (Tmax
  28C)
• Smell production and air contamination
• from combusted materials and indoor equipment
• Decreasing of humidity
• Changes of indoor electromagnetic fields in
  under-floor heating
• Burn (non-covered heating systems max 110C)

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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Heating systems for occupational environment
(heating season started with outdoor temperature
below 13C)

• Central hot water systems (water 70-90C, great
  companies, transport on long distance)
• Central vapor systems (hot water vapor 100C,
  small companies, transport on short
  distance)
• Gas systems (small companies, combustion
  products CO, CO2, NOx)

Temperature in occupational environment 9
28C Except extreme hot (over 30C) and extreme
cold (below -15C) days Occupational temperature
is determined by energetic output of workers
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment

• Indoor humidity
• Recommended air humidity 30 60
• Humidity below 20
• dehydration of eyes, skin and mucous membranes
• lower defense capacity of skin and lung
• - Humidifiers (water, vapor, ultrasonic)

BIONAIRE BWM 5075, 3190,-
UFESA HF 6445, 1900,-
SOLAC H 200 G2, 1490,-
BIONAIRE 4000, 4590,-
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Indoor air
Indoor air contamination Outdoor air Carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
sulphur dioxide, ozone, dust, PAH, VOC,
radon Combustion products Carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, dust,
PAH, VOC Home equipment home chemistry Asbestos
(irritation, cancer) Formaldehyde (irritation,
cancer) Terpenes (deodorants)
allergy Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides,
wood protection) liver, kidney Toluene, xylene,
styrene (irritation, headache, nausea) Vinychlorid
e, phthalates, chlorinated hydrocarbons
(irritation, allergy, cancer) Microorganisms
(mites - allergens), Herbal allergens, Animal
allergens
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Acalypha Hispida (Kocicí ocásek) Latex (stem,
leaf) Irritation of eyes and skin Diarrhea and
inflammation of GIT after ingestion
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Poincesia (Vánocní hvezda) Latex (stem,
leaf) Irritation of eyes and skin Diarrhea and
inflammation of GIT after ingestion

11
Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Sansevieria (Tenura ) (Tchýnin jazyk) Diarrhea
and inflammation of GIT after ingestion (alkaloids
a saponins)
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Clivia miniata (Klívia) All parts are toxic
(mainly bulb) Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase
(alanthamin, lycorin, narcissin, narcipeotin)
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Monstera deliciosa 'Borsigniana' Irritation of
eyes and skin After ingestion Diarrhea,
vomiting, inflammation of GIT Liver
failure Respiratory difficulties, asphyxiation
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Oleander (Rose-laurel) Irritation of eyes and
skin After ingestion Cardiac arrhythmia, death
15
Hygiena a preventivní lékarství
Indoor ionization Neutral molecule irradiation
cca 10 positive ions 10 electrons/cm3/s Electr
on neutral molecule negative ion Negative
ion positive ion neutral molecule
(recombination) High level of ionization light
ning, fragmentation of water (huge waves,
waterfall, rain Lenards effect), large open
spaces, forests Low level of ionization
towns closed, bad
ventilated rooms air condition (death
air) places with disturbed
electromagnetic fields (metals, electricity)

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Hygiena a preventivní lékarství

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Hygiena a preventivní lékarství
Normal air (nature)
balance between positive and negative ions
750 positive 650 negative ions in 1 cm3
(unipolar coefficient 1,15) Increasing of
level of positive ions (unipolar coefficient up
to 6) synthetic materials (curtains, carpets,
PVC floor-cloth) air condition TV, PC laser
printer, copy machines smog and
smoking Health consequences of increased level of
positive ions increased excretion of serotonin a
histamine serotonin (migraine, allergy,
irritability, nausea, GIT palsy) histamine
cardiac difficulties, allergy, nausea, insomnia,
decreased lung capacity


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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment

• Natural ventilation (unfiltered outdoor air)
• - Ventilation through windows
• Infiltration (through untightness)
• Compulsory ventilation (often filtered air)
• Vacuum exhaust (contaminated spaces, output
  filters)
• Pressurized exhaust (clear spaces, entering
  filters)
• Air condition (filtered air)
• Entering and output filters
• Regulators of temperature and air-flow, dampers
  of noise and vibration
• Open circulation place of air inflow
• Closed circulation filters for microbial
  decontamination

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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Requirements for air counterchange - Workers with
low physical activity I, IIa minimal
counterchange 50 m3/hod - Workers with middle
physical activity IIb - minimal counterchange 75
m3/hod
Air cleaners
ELECTROLUX Z 7040, 7200,-
BIONAIRE BAP-223, 1990,-
BIONAIRE BAP-412, 2790,-
DAIKIN MC 707 VM 14290,-
BIONAIRE BAP-1300 12890,-
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Illumination

• Eye disorders due to inappropriate illumination
  (intensity, blinking, color)
• Faster fatigue of eye-motive and accommodative
  muscles
• Eye fatigue
• Eye pain and headache
• Momentary visual disorder

• Effect of illumination on stress level and
  oncological diseases
• Nervus opticus is connected with hypothalamus
  and hypophysis
• Excretion of melatonin from hypophysis is
  influenced by light
• Melatonin
• Integrating of neurosecretion maintenance of
  circa-dial rhythms according regular variation
  of light and dark (synchronizer of
  chrono- biological rhythms)

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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Melatonin
Anti-stress hormone improvement of adaptation
to chemical, physical, microbial and psychogenic
stress Inhibition of growing of tumors
(oncological patients decreasing to 50 of
normal level)
Psychological disorders induced by illumination
disorders Irregular variation of light and dark
- decreasing of excretion of melatonin -
disruption of circadial rhythms
Consequences manic-depressive psychosis,
endogenous depression, sleep impairment increasin
g intake of food, lower physical activity,
increasing of body mass higher fatigue,
concentration disorders, seasonal depression
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment

• Effect of illumination on generative organs
• Red and orange illumination increase sexual
  activity
• Complex light inhibits start of ovulation in
  development
• Estrogens are directly affected by excretion of
  melatonin

• Effect of illumination on immunity
• Melatonin increases concentration of natural
  killers (NC) in blood
• (specific white blood cells)
• - Inhibitory effect of melatonin on terminal
  states of AIDS and cancer

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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
The rules of suitable illumination

• - Intensity of illumination is measured in luxes
  (lx)
• - 1 lx luminous flow 1 lumen/m2
• Intensity of illumination
• summer midday clear whether 100 000 lx
• summer midday clouded 25 000 lx
• winter midday clear whether 5 000 lx
• Factor of Daily Illumination (FDI, )
• FDI rate between illumination of given indoor
  place by light and illumination of outdoor
  space by light

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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Daily illumination (WHO) According demands on
illumination the working activities are divided
into 7 classes 1st. Class work extraordinary
demanding for eye activity (FDI
10) (clockmakers, stomatologists) 4th.
Class work on an average demanding for eye
activity (FDI 5) (reading, writing,
sewing) Totally minimal FDI for working
activities 0.5 Totally minimal intensity of
daily illumination for working places 200 lx
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Microclimatic aspects of occupational environment
Factors for daily illumination Direction of
illumination overhead from the left Equability
of illumination FDImin / FDImax gt 0.3 Low
differences between intensities in visual field
(visual fatigue) Low intensity of dazzling
(shinning furniture and floor) Artificial
illumination (WHO) Intensity of artificial
illumination for working places 50 20 000 lx
according demandingness of working activities (in
combination with daylight) Minimal intensity for
artificial illumination of working place 300 lx
(without daylight)