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Title: MIYUN Integrated watershed management for the protection of Beijings drinking water


1
MIYUNIntegrated watershed managementfor the
protection of Beijings drinking water
Sara Enders P.R.E.M.I.U.M. An NSF-sponsored
Research Experience for Undergraduates May 15 -
July 8, 2005
2
Overview
  • I. A citys thirst and the reservoir to slake it
  • II. Integrated watershed management, a framework
    for reservoir protection
  • III. A visit to a pilot project in Miyun
  • IV. Project evaluation and contextualization

3
Annual per capita availability of fresh water
resources
Beijing, a thirsty city
Cubic meters
4
How does Beijing compare?
Source Water Resources Bulletin, 2002.
5
How does Beijing compare?
Source Water Resources Bulletin, 2002.
6
Water Consumption in Beijing Municipality in 2001
44.6 (1740 mio. m3) Agriculture 31 (1205
mio m3) Residential use 23.6 (918 mio. m3)
Industry 0.8 (30 mio. m3) Ecological water
use
Figure taken from Sternfeld, 2003 Sternfelds
source Quelle / Beijing Municipal Water Bureau
2002
7
Meeting a megacitys needs
  • A combination of ground and surface water
  • 2 big reservoirs Miyun and Guanting
  • and then there was 1

8
Available online at http//www.paulnoll.com/China/
Provinces/Province-Beijing.html
9
A history of Miyun Reservoir
  • Built in 1959-1960 during Chinas Great Leap
    Forward,
  • Capacity 23 billion cubic meters
  • Maximum surface area 188 km2
  • Purpose flood control, irrigation of rural areas
    in Beijing municipality, as well as Hebei
    province and Tianjin municipality.
  • Guanting (completed, 1954) supplied water for
    urban and industrial needs
  • Groundwater, a major source of drinking water.

10
  • Industrialization, population growth and
    development ? over-allocation of water resources

Source http//www.federationofscientists.org/PMPa
nels/WaterResources.asp
11
The way of Guanting
  • 1970s, further construction of impoundments
    sharply decreases inflows to reservoirs
  • Guanting is in trouble.
  • Severe siltation problem
  • Severe pollution by industry and agriculture
  • 1997, Guanting is a class V water source
  • Beijing ceases all use of Guanting water
  • Not the way of Miyun!

12
A citys growing pains
  • Population of Beijing Municipality in 1950s was 4
    million
  • Current population almost 15 million
  • Beijing relies heavily on groundwater for water
    resources
  • 1980s, drought further depletes groundwater
    tables, Beijing faced crisis of electricity and
    water resources
  • State Council issues a formal order granting
    Beijing exclusive rights to Miyuns supply
  • By mid 90s,
  • Miyun supplies 52 of residential water consumed
    by municipality
  • Add to this water supplied to recharge
    groundwater aquifers on which Beijing draws
  • ? 80 residential water use in Beijing supplied
    by Miyun Reservoir

13
Miyun under stress
  • 7 consecutive dry years in Beijing have resulted
    in a very low water table
  • Seriously reduced inflows threaten water quality
  • Current storage 4 billion cubic meters
  • Category water Class III (was class II, five
    years ago)
  • Beijing government is determined to protect the
    quality of Miyuns water

14
Classes of water use
Class of Use
Description of Use
15
The plan to save Miyun
  • Regulation
  • 1995, Beijing government issued a detailed
    administrative regulation (guanli tiaoli) that
    divided Miyun catchment into 3 watershed
    protection zones
  • In zone 1 (reservoir, area inside lakeside road,
    all areas 4km off shoreline), tourism and
    industry strictly limited
  • In zones 2 and 3, mining especially limited
  • Relocation of 10,000-20,000 residents
  • Water protection zones across Miyun, Huairu,
    Yanqing Counties
  • 140,000 residents, 4500 km2

16
Community-based Integrated Watershed Management
  • Integration management of small watersheds
  • Community-based
  • focuses on the joining of different stakeholders
    in watershed management, especially those in
    communities which have been ignored in the past.
    (Li Zianxiang et al. 2005)
  • Attention paid to
  • Local ecological specificity
  • Social organization

17
Integrated management of small watersheds
  • Context the Sloped Land Conversion Program
  • Aimed at erosion control and poverty alleviation
    through land use change and concurrent economic
    development
  • This is a common concept in all China, especially
    northern China
  • In dry areas in northern China, erosion control
    is aimed at the retention of water in mountain
    areas
  • In Miyun, the situation is different need to
    fill the reservoir

18
Project goals
  • Reduce sediment delivery to the reservoir
  • Improve quality of water entering the reservoir
  • Involve rural communities
  • Improve welfare of watershed inhabitants

19
The plan, as laid out by the Beijing Municipal
Forestry Bureau
  • Land use change
  • the current land use proportion of 123 for
    farming, forestry, and grazing, should be
    converted to 132.
  • Grazing livestock should be replaced by those fed
    domestically
  • Recovering vegetation should take priority in the
    development of husbandry
  • Water conservation forests
  • more emphasis on broad-leaf trees, close to
    nature forestry
  • 37 ratio, conifer broad-leaf plants
  • Managing cultivated land, which is decreasing per
    capita, for food security
  • Ameliorate the soil quality, physically and
    chemically
  • increase organic matter
  • rationalize the use of chemical fertilizer
  • Explore alternative energy sources to the use of
    fuel wood

20
Watershed management for water production
  • Project components
  • Afforestation on steep slopes
  • Fruit tree planting
  • Improvement of terraces
  • Gully structure building
  • Road construction
  • Environmental infrastructure in villages
  • Closure of mountain areas

21
Watershed management for water production
  • Train farmers to be foresters
  • - 48,000 peasants in Beijing are working as
    part-time foresters
  • Land use change is discussed with the peasants.
  • Necessary to include peasants because of the
    labor intensive nature of the projects

22
Partnerships for Pilot Protection Areas
The Sino-German Cooperation Project Protection
Management of Watershed of Miyun Reservoir
23
A visit to Maoshigou
  • June 4 of 2005
  • Fengjiayu township
  • A demonstration site of the Sino-German
    cooperation project
  • One of two villages in a small watershed
    management area
  • Currently in the 5th year of an 8 year project
  • 54 residents in 17 households.
  • 1998, village per capita income averaged less
    than 1500Y. Now, per capita income is roughly
    3500-4000Y.

24
Source Water Resources Bulletin, 2002.
25
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29
  • Maoshigou Village Environmental Protection
    Ordinances
  • Improve environmental awareness, particularly
    related to water resources protection, by means
    of education and training.
  • It is prohibited to damage facilities related to
    water supply.
  • No household or individual can dump trash or emit
    polluted wastewater from latrines into ditches,
    gullies, streams, or roads.
  • Trash in ditches or on roads should be removed.
  • Sanitary conditions of public and private
    latrines should be maintained.
  • Without permission, logging and tree felling are
    prohibited. Fire must be used with caution.
  • Those who make positive contributions to
    environmental protection should be rewarded.
    Those who violate environmental protection should
    be fined and punished.
  • Everyone in the village should work with the
    community to have good environmental conditions
    and image, collectively.

30
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33
5 Household surveys
  • Chinese names English names
  • Qiu Xiao Lin A1
  • Jhu B2
  • Guo C3
  • Qiu Bai Ling D4
  • Wong C2

34
Economic situation
  • INCOME
  • Reported annual income ranged from 4000 to
    7000Y/year
  • - (village average is said to be 3500-4000Y)
  • - family which seemed least well off (C2) did
    not report an annual income
  • All spoke of material benefit from project
    activities
  • Income from watershed protection activities
  • government subsidies under sloped land conversion
    scheme
  • roadwork
  • helping with foresting on the hills
  • fruit sales from orchard cultivation
  • Pears, apples, and chestnuts
  • Many are currently waiting for trees to bear
    fruit, expected in 1-2 years
  • Sale of extra produce from intercropping
    (peanuts, soy beans, xiao dou)

35
Off-project sources of income
Economic Situation
  • (A1)
  • 1 son works at Karaoke bar in Beijing
  • a side business of buying apples and pears grown
    by others and selling them from their truck
  • (B1)
  • - Husband works basic construction / manual
    labor jobs, off-farm
  • (B2)
  • husband is a factory worker. 1 son working in
    Beijing city.
  • Husband earns 600Y to 700Y per month
    (7200-8400Y/year)
  • She earns 2000Y per year with the crops from 2 mu
    land
  • (C1)
  • commercial affairs off-farm, such as
    construction
  • (C2) None.
  • Most expressed satisfaction with their levels of
    income
  • The exception C2, reported insufficient income
  • Noted fruits do not get a very good price.
  • Income insufficient to cover medical costs.

36
Economic Situation
  • Assessing change in economic situation
  • Increased employment opportunitites
  • Previously, grew corn, raised sheep. Fruit and
    chestnut trees require less time, allowing time
    to work off-farm, which is highly profitable (B1)
  • Now, there is more work (in forestry and
    development) and a higher income to be had (A1).
  • Tangible benefits
  • Before, it was hard to afford to send kids to
    school. Now, primary and middle school tuition
    is free of charge (C1).
  • Now, they can afford to buy meat (B1).
  • They are now saving more money (B1).
  • Village got its first telephone line, yesterday.
  • Profits from fruit trees?
  • Fruit trees found to generate greater profits
    than agriculture (C1).
  • Fruit prices are low and profits are slim (C2).
  • Concern for future Now we have so many fruit
    trees who is going to buy all of the crops? More
    people are needed to come pick up the fruit, but
    people cant make it in because of the bad roads.

37
Observations of environmental change since
project start
  • All reported a cleaner village
  • Water
  • Every year, they clean the river bed, so the
    water is much less polluted (A1).
  • The government purchased individual household
    pumps for them, so their water is cleaner than it
    was before, when they shared a communal well
    (A1).
  • Vegetation
  • Increased vegetation cover due to less grazing by
    sheep (B1)
  • Sanitation
  • Trash cleanup results in much less trash around.
  • Greater personal sanitation

38
Involvement in project management, monitoring
  • Only 1 family (B2) was not involved in forest
    monitoring
  • Forestry training
  • Training in fire monitoring
  • Engage in activities to promote the growth of
    trees.
  • some cutting of branches to promote aesthetic
    organization
  • Dead trees are replaced
  • Training courses in fruit tree growing offered by
    the township government are held at regional
    office, 5-8km away.
  • Voluntary and open to public
  • Villagers describe themselves as self-sufficient
    tree planters after training (B1).
  • One household (C2) says in general, they do not
    have time to go.
  • Professionals visit the village to provide
    assistance on an irregular basis. Local village
    occasionally coordinates instruction.

39
Evidence of knowledge extensionUnderstanding of
Environmental Regulations
  • All reported receiving some education about
    environmental protection.
  • Cited Sino-German project as the conveyor of
    information about regulations.
  • Expressions of confidence that regulations are
    good for the environment, with admission that
    they werent sure why.
  • Good agreement on policies of subsidized land
    conversion
  • Regulations that sheep and goats could not be
    raised in this area were well understood.
  • Different attitudes towards chemical use
  • Some dont use chemical fertilizer in the
    interest of water quality protection
  • Some dont think agrochemicals affect water
    quality
  • Sense of environmental stewardship
  • C1 specified that it was education, rather than
    regulation, which caused her to decrease her use.
  • What about penalties for noncompliance?
  • Understood to be revocation of subsidies.
  • High level of compliance was reported (A1).

40
A woman (B1) washes her clothes with a bar of
soap in the stream. It is her opinion that the
regulations are good. She says the soap does not
harm the water quality.
41
Resettlement?
  • In the early stages of the project, the
    households of this village were offered 3000Y
    each to move to the city. Not one family chose
    to move.
  • Reasons given by (A1)
  • had been here for many generations.
  • the mountains are pretty, the air is good, the
    water is sweet.
  • Impression that in the cities, there is no
    guarantee of finding work.

42
RUMORS OF RELOCATION 2 or 3 months ago village
was visited by a delegation from Japan. The
details of this interaction are not clear, but it
seems that this village was offered compensation
to relocate.
43
Gauging level of satisfaction with project and
regulations
  • No one expressed frustration with regulations, or
    a strong desire to engage in other activities.
  • In the absence of regulations, (A1) would grow
    whatever would generate the most income, though
    the woman wasnt sure what that was. Probably
    plant corn because it has a high yield and can
    feed both livestock and family.
  • Asked whether they would use chemical fertilizer
    if they were allowed to, answered that if there
    was not enough manure, then they would.
  • Asked to compare this village to others, were
    told that mainly, villages in mountain areas are
    similar, but other villages are poorer because
    they dont have subsidies.
  • Disinclination to second-guess the project, or
    imagine how it could be done differently. When
    asked if the project should be done any
    differently? Whatever the government says,
    people have to do it. (A1)

44
Social observations
  • Sense of emigration, uprooting
  • Working in city, attending boarding school,
    married out of village
  • Of the families surveyed, only one was living and
    employed entirely in the village. This family
    was also the most destitute.
  • B1 doesnt expect daughter, currently at boarding
    school for her middle school education, to return
    as an adult to the farm.
  • Some anxiety about relocation rumors

45
Project Assessment
  • No evidence of an imposed economic burden, or
    chafing under restrictions
  • Took a well-off cross-section
  • Took a complacent, retiring cross section
  • Education a few messages were driven home
  • Chemicals, notably omitted
  • Lack of quantifiable demonstrable results
  • Monitoring of progress is difficult
  • More environmental data
  • Inherently long timeframe
  • Reservoir is overwhelmed by climate effects

46
A drop in the watershed
47
Zooming away from pilot sites
  • Just how widely has compensation been provided?
    Unclear.
  • Zone 1 used to have highest population density
    Mr. Wu says now, only 30 residents what did he
    mean?
  • Hard to miss the lack of compliance
  • Reclaiming of reservoir shore for farming
  • Blasting for building materials can be heard
  • Reports of turning from farming to harmful
    economic activities mining, fish farming
  • Movement of fish farming out of reservoir, into
    tributaries

48
Boundaries to progress
49
Boundaries Looking back at Guanting
  • 1972, Chinese government established the Leading
    Group for the Protection of Guanting Reservoir
  • 1985, The Water Resource Protection of Guanting
    Reservoir ratified by Beijing, Hebei, and Shanxi
  • But no one ever agreed who would pay for the
    cleanup.

50
A city with a big straw
  • Miyun watershed area 15800 km2
  • Of this, only 4500 km2 w/in Beijing Municipality
  • Miyun County 2200 km2
  • 70 of the watershed lies in upstream provinces
    of Hebei and Shanxi
  • 2/3 in Hebei
  • Hebei says You should compensate us for your
    water use!
  • Beijing says Hebei, you pollute the water, pay
    for cleanup!

51
Water flows uphill,
Source Water Resources Bulletin, 2002
Towards money
52
What about the other (urban) community?
  • Demand management in Beijing
  • Education
  • Media attention
  • Pricing
  • Block pricing
  • Multiple fee hikes
  • Doesnt appear to constrain current use

53
Ideally
Capital
Natural resources
54
Need for Transparent Institutional Framework
  • Balance those flows
  • Need priorities for allocation for times of
    drought
  • Avoid corruption
  • 2001, inter-sectoral, inter-provincial group
    for the protection of the water resources of the
    Miyun and the Guanting reservoirs and for
    inter-provincial water distribution
  • Ministry of Water Resources, Chair
  • National Development Planning Commission, The
    Ministry of Finance, Beijing municipal
    government, co-chairs
  • Also, State Environment Protection Administration
  • State Forestry Bureau
  • Hebei and Shanxi provincial governments
  • The institutional framework is in place, but the
    agreements are neither institutionalized nor
    transparent!

55
Delivering water to cities
  • Are cities blots on the face of the earth, with
    large, growing ecological shadows?
  • Or are they sources of income, capital and ideas
    necessary to address environmental problems?
  • (credit for
    cleverness Nickum)
  • Both, of course.

56
Asking, Is Miyun a model?
  • What does it mean for Miyun to be a success?
  • Sustainability
  • Protection of Bs water
  • Socioeconomic well-being of population
  • Who will live in the watershed in the next
    generation?

57
Front-runner of paradigm shift
  • June, 2001, Beijing Municipal Government
    announced
  • "Sustainable Water Resource Utilization in the
    Capital Area in the Early 21st Century"
  • In the short term, concentrate on water
    conservation measures
  • In the medium term, re-open the Guanting
    Reservoir for urban water supply and
  • In the long term, make full use of water
    transported from the south via the South-North
    Water Transfer Project (which may be completed by
    2010).
  • Expansion phase ? Mature phase
  • Soft path water resource management (Gleick)
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