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Achenbach Child Behavior Check List CBCL AND Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI

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May help include teachers in assessment process. 8. CBCL: Some Issues To Consider ... Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: Test Construction ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Achenbach Child Behavior Check List CBCL AND Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI


1
Achenbach Child Behavior Check List
(CBCL)ANDMinnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI)
2
Achenbach Child Behavior Check List (CBCL)
3
Child Behavior Check List Test Construction
  • Test devised to measure problems in childrens
    psychological adjustment
  • Test developers wanted to put together a
    reasonably comprehensive list of all the
    different sorts of behavior problems that a child
    might exhibit
  • Content-driven (inductive) test construction
    approach
  • Content-driven test developers bet they can
    devise a comprehensive set of items, and then
    administer their test to a very large pool of
    subjects (about 5,000 for the most recent CBCL)
    data is then factor analyzed to reveal the
    underlying structure

4
Child Behavior Check List (cont.)
  • From example, note the following
  • Large age range (questions for kids 6-18 yrs)
  • Parents answer 113 main questions indicating how
    often child engages in each of the problem
    behaviors
  • Parents answer a number of preliminary questions
    about sports, hobbies, clubs, jobs chores,
    close friends, academic performance
  • Could interpret individual items, but would they
    be very reliable?

5
8 Clinical Syndromes
  • Factor analysis revealed eight factors
  • Each factor contains items that correlate well
    with each other, and less well with items in
    other factors
  • Alphas for these factors range from .78 to .94
  • 1. Anxious/depressed
  • 2. Withdrawn/depressed
  • 3. Somatic Complaints
  • 4. Social Problems
  • 5. Thought Problems
  • 6. Attention Problems
  • 7. Rule-Breaking Behavior
  • 8. Aggressive Behavior
  • Also Other problems

6
2 Syndromes of Syndromes
  • Factor analysis also revealed several factors
    correlated better with each other than with the
    other factors
  • Therefore, two super-factors or syndromes of
    syndromes are also identified
  • Alphas for these super-factors are .90 and .94
    (for total problems, .97)
  • 1. Internalizing Problems
  • Anxious/depressed
  • Withdrawn/depressed
  • Somatic Complaints
  • 2. Externalizing Problems
  • Rule-breaking Behavior
  • Aggressive Behavior

7
CBCL Some Issues To Consider
  • Issue 1 Possibility to collect reports from
    different sources (Parent report form, Teacher
    report form, Youth self report form)
  • May introduce inconvenient inconsistencies
  • May help understand the child in different
    circumstances better (home versus school)
  • May aid in diagnostic issues such as AD/HD, which
    requires problems in two domains
  • May help include teachers in assessment process

8
CBCL Some Issues To Consider
  • Issue 2 Convenient scoring form which allows
    easy translation of raw scores to normed scores,
    which are much more interpretable
  • Helps visually depict overall profile
  • Allows for quick comparisons to age group E.g.
    raw score of 8 on Social Problems for a 15-year
    old yields a score at the 98th percentile score
    is higher than 98 of his peers compare to raw
    score on Aggressive Behavior

9
CBCL Some Issues To Consider
  • Issue 3 If this is a highly valid test, what
    should it correlate with? Likewise, what should
    it not correlate with?
  • Should correlate well with other similar measures
    (such as Connors Scales, and Behavior Assessment
    System for Children Scales) and different
    measures such as actual behavior ratings
  • Should not correlate well with degree of parent
    psychopathology

10
CBCL Some Issues To Consider
  • Issue 4 The Achenbach CBCL provides a good
    example of a test that uses an content-driven/indu
    ctive approach. It also provides a good example
    of how aggregating over increasing number of
    items produces higher reliabilities.

11
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
12
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Test
Construction
  • Most widely used objective test devised to
    measure personality and psychopathology
  • Wanted to develop test that would distinguish
    between normal and abnormal/clinical groups
  • Criterion-driven (external) test construction
    approach
  • Criterion-driven test developers bet that their
    criterion groups will differ markedly on their
    responses to a wide variety of items a good
    theory of why they differ in their responses is
    not required for this strategy of test
    construction

13
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Test
Construction
  • Criterion-driven Large, diverse pool of items
    administered to criterion groups items with
    means that are substantially different for the
    groups are kept
  • Developed in 1930s time of growing skepticism
    about more construct-driven (deductive tests)
  • MMPI Criterion groups Initially 800 Psychiatric
    inpatients of University of Minnesota Hospital
    but numbers reduced to find homogeneous groupings
    (8 groups of 50 patients)

14
Final 8 Criterion Groups
  • 1. Hypochondriac
  • 2. Depressed
  • 3. Hysteric
  • 4. Psychopathic deviate
  • 5. Paranoid
  • 6. Psychasthenic
  • 7. Schizophrenic
  • 8. Hypomaniac
  • Body fears and illness
  • Depressed individuals
  • Physical problem with no cause
  • Criminal, antisocial problems
  • Poor reality testing, delusions
  • Doubts and unreasonable fears
  • Dramatic psychotic symptoms
  • Irritability and hyperactivity

15
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Test
Construction (cont.)
  • MMPI Control groups 700 people, primarily
    relatives and visitors of patients, excluding
    mental patients. Control group considered
    problematic by many because relatives of
    inpatients is likely not a representative sample
    of controls.
  • Item pool over 1000 true-false items assembled,
    566 items selected (MMPI-II has 567 items)

16
Two Further Clinical Scales
  • Added later, using somewhat sloppy criterial
    procedures
  • Masculinity-femininity
  • Social-introversion
  • Most of these 10 clinical scales have many
    subtle items (e.g., I drink an unusually large
    amount of water everyday discriminates hysteria
    criterion group from normals)

17
Three Validity Scales
  • Lie Scale Naïve attempts to fake good
  • F Scale Attempt to fake bad
  • K Scale Defensiveness (empirically constructed)
  • Attempts to locate items that distinguished
    normal from abnormal groups when both produced a
    normal test pattern

18
Interpretation and MMPI-II
  • Often people obtain scores with elevations on
    several subscales rather than just one
  • Led to shift in use, interpretation, and study of
    the MMPI and MMPI-2
  • Clinical scales re-named with numbers 1,2,9 and
    0
  • Highest 1 or 2 elevations typically interpreted
    (e.g., two point code of 1-3)
  • Higher elevations correspond with severity
  • MMPI-II released in 1989 contains expanded
    norms, and updates and improvements to items
  • Items fixed that were out of date, awkward,
    sexist, problematic
  • Administered to 2900 subjects from 7 geographic
    regions in U.S. to improve control group problems
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