Protein: Amino Acids Chapter 6

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Protein Amino AcidsChapter 6
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Amino Acid
R
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Amino Acids

• Essential amino acids
• i.e. indispensable amino acids
• PVT. TIM HALL (or PVT. MAT HILL)
• Nonessential amino acids
• i.e. dispensable amino acids
• Conditionally essential amino acids

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An Essential Amino Acid
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Nonessential Amino Acids
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Proteins
Remember Condendation?

• Dipeptide

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• Tripeptide Yes...its three of em.

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Proteins

• Polypeptide

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Proteins

• Amino acid sequences
• With 20 different amino acids you can say a lot!

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Protein shape and function
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Proteins

• Protein denaturation
• uncoiling
• heat or acid hydrolysis.
• loss of function

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Protein Digestion

• Stomach
• HCl activated pepsinogen (proteolytic enzyme)
• Pepsinogen ? pepsin
• Pepsin hydrolyzes proteins!
• Proenzyme-an inactive form of enzyme!

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Protein Digestion

• Small intestine
• Proteases-more hydrolysis!
• Intestinal and pancreatic
• Peptidases

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Protein Digestion in the GI Tract
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Protein Absorption

• Carriers
• Capillaries
• Absorption misconceptions
• Enzyme/amino acid supplements

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Protein Synthesis

• Sequencing errors

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Roles of Proteins

• Building material
• Growth
• Maintenance

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Roles of Proteins

• Enzymes

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Roles of Proteins

• Hormones

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Roles of Proteins

• Regulation of fluid balance
• Edema
• Acid-base regulation
• Acidosis
• Alkalosis

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Transport Proteins
One of the most important proteins in your
body! The Sodium-Potassium Pump in action!
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Roles of Proteins

• Immunity
• Antibodies
• Antigens

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Protein Metabolism

• Protein turnover
• Amino acid pool
• Nitrogen balance
• Positive nitrogen balance
• Negative nitrogen balance

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Protein Metabolism

• Using amino acids to make proteins
• Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids

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Protein Metabolism

• Using amino acids to make other compounds
• Neurotransmitters

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Protein Metabolism

• Using amino acids for energy and glucose
• Deamination-removal of NH3
• Using amino acids to make fat

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Protein Quality

• High-quality proteins
• Digestibility
• Animal (90) vs. plant (70)
• Amino acid composition
• Limiting amino acid

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Protein Quality

• Reference protein
• Complementary proteins

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Protein Quality

• PDCAAS
• Protein- digestibility-corrected-amino- acid-score

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Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

• Acute PEM
• Chronic PEM

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Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

• Marasmus
• Kwashiorkor
• Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix

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Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

• Infections
• Dysentery
• Rehabilitation-can they recover?

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Health Effects

• Heart disease
• Cancer
• Adult bone loss
• osteoporosis

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Health Effects

• Weight control
• Kidney disease?

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Recommended Intakes

• Daily Value
• 50 g protein
• 10 of a 2000 kcal diet
• RDA
• 0.8 g/kg/day
• 10 - 35 of energy intake

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Recommended Intakes

• Adequate intake
• Protein in abundance

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Supplements

• Protein supplements
• Amino acid supplements

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Vegetarian Diets
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Vegetarian Diets

• Diet planning
• Protein
• Lacto-ovo-vegetarians
• Meat replacements
• Texturized vegetable protein-basically soybeans

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Vegetarian Diets

• Vitamins and minerals
• Lactovegetarians-easier to meet calcium/vit. D
  requirements
• Vegans-supplements likely needed.
• Omega-3 fatty acids also needed.

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Vegetarian Diets

• Vegetarian diets through the life span
• Pregnancy and lactation
• Infancy
• Childhood and adolescence