Dependency ratio: economically inactive pop ( children

1
Dependency ratio economically inactive pop (
children OAP) compared to economically active
pop.(working) Dependents______ X
100 Economically active 1 Ireland
46.67 In developing countries it can be as high
100 Age sex structures of pop shown in
pyramids. Show past changes predict future
trends. Forecast social needs like schools
hospitals. Show effects of migration, war and
famine Sex structure less than 90 or over 110
men for every 100 women is distinctly unbalanced.
Varies within age groups death rates higher in
all groups amongst men. Irregularities due to out
migration, war --? knock on effect for baby
boom or into later years on pop pyramid
2
Dependency Ratio Large young pop. EG developing
world 36 under 15. Huge buying power. Large
families put strain on family income educ,
clothes food find it hard to save Large old
pop.. Social impact.. Tax burden services like
health, educ can suffer. EG India 86 million over
60.
3

• Case study Japan
• In 1920s Japan moved through stages 2 and 3
  caused by baby boom after 2 world wars
• 1950 Japan developed and pop growth slowed
• 2011 BR is 1.3 well below sustainable level of
  2.1
• Initiatives and allowances to encourage bigger
  families despite its huge pop.
• Percentages
• Older people increasing and young people
  decreasingBy 2025 26 of pop over 65 compared
  with 12 in 1990.
• One of most populous countries in world _at_ 830 per
  sq km
• (phsyiologic density would be 3,070)
• Birth rate in decline cost of caring for older
  pop huge
• Japan greying population
• Effect can be lessened by
• Postpone retirement
• Encourage inward migration from Philippines

4

• Ireland-Pop patterns and density-changes over
  time.
• Density 54 per km sq.
• Distribution and density uneven
• Lowest in western region
• Inhospitable landscape, climate and poor soils
• Pop low even in fertile areas as land required
  for agriculture
• Highest density in Urban areas which are
  concentrated in coastal lowlands and river valleys

5

• Change over time
• 1960s 2.6 million, lowest population
• 1960s boom during Lemass Era, economic policies
  and tax incentives
• MNC jobs, inward migration,
• EEC membership in 1973, opened European markets
  to Irish products and population increased for
  1st time in 120 yrs

6

• 1980s recession, emigration (200,000 people
  emigrated in the 1980s)
• 1990s boom Celtic Tiger, inward migration,
  urbanisation, large west to east migration
• Rapid greying pop, 11 over 65
• Under 15 year is down by 10 since 1970
• Economically active age group increased from 58
  to 68 in 45yrs
• Dependency ratio highest 74 in 1966, now 46
  increasing
• TFR 1.98

7

• Life Expectancy from 1926 to present
• Men 57.4 76.8 yrs
• Women 57.9 81.6 yrs
• Advance s in Health care, Dr Noel Browne
  eradicated TB by 1957, improved maternity
  services and immunistaion
• Greying population can lead to socio-economic
  problems e.g. Nursing homes, greater tax burden
  etc.

8
China

• 1949-76 fertility rate 6 per mother
• 1979 1 child policy
• Urban areas 1 child, rural areas 2
• Imbalances of sexes 106.7 to 100 girls
• Increased illegal abortions based on sex
• 95.7 of abortions female
• 90 of children in orphanages girls
• Moved from stage 2 to stage 4 in short period
• Population still increasing 9 million a year as
  marry young