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Unit 2- The Development of Western Canada

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Title: Unit 2- The Development of Western Canada


1
Unit 2- The Development of Western Canada
  • After Confederation the country expanded west at
    an astonishing rate.
  • The changes disrupted the lives of Metis and
    Aboriginal peoples in the West.
  • Two uprisings occurred, one in 1869-70 and one in
    1885.
  • The North-West Mounted Police (later the RCMP)
    were created to help keep order.
  • By 1885 the Canadian Pacific Railway ran from the
    Atlantic ocean to the Pacific.
  • And 2 new provinces were created, Alberta and
    Saskatchewan.

Sir John A. Macdonald
2
Trouble at Red River
  • In 1869 the Hudsons Bay Company sells Ruperts
    Land to Canada.
  • The largest group of people in the Red River
    colony were Metis.
  • The Metis were people of mixed heritage,
    Aboriginal and European. Their ways were not
    entirely Aboriginal, nor were they European.
  • Many earned their livings as farmers, while
    others earned their living hauling goods in carts
    for the trading companies or as agents of the fur
    trade.
  • When Ruperts Land was sold, the Canadian
    government wasnt allowed to establish rule until
    December.
  • For almost a year, the colony had no legal
    government to protect their rights.
  • But before taking control the Canadian government
    sent out surveyors to the Red River settlement.
  • The Metis were worried because they had no
    documents that proved the land was theirs.
  • They were worried of other settlers coming in and
    taking their land, plus they had heard a rumour
    the government was planning to create a railway
    through their land.
  • The Metis of Red River turned for leadership to
    Louis Riel

3
Resistance at Red River 1869-70
  • National Committee of the Metis created to decide
    how to protect Metis Land.
  • William McDougall is appointed Lieutenant-Govenor
    for the North-West Territories. He heads to the
    colony to establish a Canadian government for the
    territory.
  • When McDougall arrives at the settlement he is
    not allowed to enter and is told their will be no
    governor without Metis consultation.
  • Louis Riel takes over Fort Garry. From this
    position the Metis can control the colony.

William McDougall
4
Resistance at Red River 1869-70
  • The Metis set up a Provisional government to
    replace the Hudsons Bay Company rule.
  • Sir John A. Macdonald sends a messenger to find
    out what the people of Red River want. The
    colony does not belong to Canada until December
    1st, 1869.
  • The Metis draw up a Bill of Rights with their
    requests and send it to Ottawa.
  • Settlers from Ontario protest and are jailed by
    Riel.

Riel and the Provisional Government 1870
5
Resistance at Red River 1869-70
  • Thomas Scott threatens to escape and kill Riel.
    Riel orders Scott brought to trial.
  • Scott is found guilty of disobedience to the
    lawful government and within 24 hours if brought
    before a firing squad.
  • Riels Provisional government works out an
    agreement with Ottawa called the Manitoba Act.
  • On July 15th, 1870 Manitoba becomes the fifth
    province.
  • Fearing for his life, Riel flees to the United
    States.
  • The Metis Bill of Rights
  • Major requests
  • 1) the right to enter Canadas confederation as a
    province.
  • 2) the right to elect and send four Members of
    Parliament to Ottawa.
  • 3) control over their own local affairs.
  • 4) the right to use both French and English
    languages especially in schools and law courts.
  • 5) the right to keep their customs, tradition,
    and Metis way of life.

6
Depictions of the Execution of Thomas Scott
Painting of Fort Garry
Fort Garry
7
Chapter 9 The North-West Mounted Police
  • For years people in the North-West were without a
    real police force to enforce any of the laws.
  • There were numerous outlaws and whiskey traders
    in the area. Without a police force to stop
    them, they could do pretty much whatever they
    wanted.
  • Parliament decided to form the North-West Mounted
    Police.
  • The duties of the force were to keep peace,
    prevent crime and catch criminals. It would be a
    mounted force.
  • A chain of posts would be build from Manitoba to
    the Rocky Mountains. The troops would wear
    bright red scarlet jackets.
  • Red was chosen to it was to represent the British
    empire and also to distinguish the Mounties from
    the US Calvary which wore the more traditional
    police blue.

8
Treaties with Aboriginal Peoples
  • A treaty is an agreement between peoples or
    nations, often for friendship, peace, or the
    purchase of lands and property.
  • After Confederation the Canadian government
    wanted to open the western lands form settlement.
  • To make this happen the government had to
    approach the Aboriginal peoples to give up their
    lands.
  • The government wanted them to move onto reserves.
    Reserves were pieces of land set aside for
    Aboriginal peoples. Other people could not
    settle, hunt or fish in these areas.

North-West Mounted Police Uniform
9
Treaties with Aboriginal Peoples
  • The Governments View
  • The government thought the people of the plains
    should farm the land.
  • In the governments view, farming was a good
    alternative way of life for the plains people.
  • By teaching the plains people how to farm and by
    giving them land, the government thought it was
    doing what was best for the Aboriginal peoples
  • Aboriginal Nations View
  • The Aboriginal peoples did not want to be treated
    like children.
  • They had little experience of farming and did not
    want to be farmers.
  • For centuries they had established their own
    governments and lived by their own laws.
  • They felt they had the right to choose their way
    of life and to preserve their culture and
    languages.

10
Why did Aboriginal Peoples Sign Treaties?
  • 1) The Disappearance of the Buffalo
  • by the 1870s Buffalo hunting had become a sport.
  • Farmers and ranchers complained they destroyed
    pastures and trampled crops.
  • Because of the railway, many Buffalo refused to
    cross the tracks.
  • By 1879 the Buffalo was almost extinct.

11
The Buffalo Hunt
12
The Buffalo Hunt
13
Why did Aboriginal Peoples Sign Treaties?
  • 2) Increasing Settlement
  • Now that the North-West police were around it was
    much safer to settle west.
  • The railway also made the west much easier to
    reach for more settlers.
  • The Aboriginal peoples were worried about losing
    more land. Maybe the treaties offered a better
    solution to their problems.

14
Historical Aboriginal Treaties
15
Why did Aboriginal Peoples Sign Treaties?
  • 3) Sickness and Disease
  • Europeans brought with them measles, tuberculosis
    and smallpox.
  • Aboriginal people had not developed immunity to
    them.
  • The diseases severely lowered the numbers and
    spirits of the Aboriginal people.

16
More Pictures
Gabriel Dumont -famous Metis buffalo hunter. He
was an important player in the 1885
rebellion. -he worked for Buffalo Bills
travelling wild west show as a sharpshooter.
North-West Police meet with Aboriginals
17
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