India - truth alone triumphs

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History of India
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History of India

• Divided in 10 Periods
• 1. Indus Valley Civilization led by the city
  states of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
• 2. Aryans (2500BC 322BC)?
• Hinduism and regional kingdoms develop
• 3. The Mauryan Empire (322BC 188BC)?
• Spread of Buddhism and the first Indian Empire
  started by Chandragupta
• 4. Gupta Period (320AD 480AD)?
• Golden Age of India
• 5. Muslim Invasions (1175AD 1300AD)?
• Muslims Turks from Afghanistan invade and begin
  to re-unite India into small kingdoms

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Indian Civilization (cont)

• 6. Delhi Sultanate is the largest of these
  kingdoms ruled by Muslim Turks
• 7. Mughals most powerful of Indian dynasties
  controlled most of todays India, Pakistan and
  Bangladesh
• 8. Europeans begin to Rule (1500AD 1850AD)?
• Portuguese, French, Dutch, and English centers of
  rule dominated by Corporations not countries
• 9. English Imperialism ruled as an English
  colony for almost 100 years
• 10. Independence and Democratic India Muslim
  and Hindu political groups push for and
  eventually gain independence from European
  Imperialism. Today India is one of the most
  important, powerful countries in the world and is
  rapidly growing in influence

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Indus Valley Civilizations
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Indus River Valley Civilization 3500-1500 BCE

• Two City States and many smaller villages
• Harappa
• Mohenjo-daro
• Both had
• centrally planned cities
• city walls
• Public buildings
• grainaries
• toilets, wells, drainage system
• brick lined sewers in the streets

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Politics

• City states
• Governed by Priest Kings
• The Indus Valley script has never been translated
  
• so we know very little about their lifestyle or
  belief system beyond what architecture tells us

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Indus Valley Civilization Economy

• Agricultural
• cotton and food crops
• Industry textiles
• Irrigation Canals
• Craft workers made beautiful clay figurines
• Made jewels from gold, silver and copper.

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Social/Religion

• Polytheist nature gods fertility goddess
  important
• Priests/kings in villages had high importance
• Some merchants but mostly farmers

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End of the Indus Valley

• Repeated floods caused the course of the Indus
  River to shift away from the cities
• The Indus Valley script has never been translated
  so we know very little about their lifestyle or
  belief system beyond what architecture tells us
• New cultural group called Aryans migrate/invade
  and merge with the Indus Valley peoples

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The Vedic Age (1500 BCE - 500 BCE)
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Aryan Migration

• pastoral ? depended on their cattle.
• warriors ? horse-drawn chariots.

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Sanskrit writing
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The Vedas

• 1200 BCE-600 BCE.
• written in SANSKRIT.
• Hindu core of beliefs
• hymns and poems.
• religious prayers.
• magical spells.
• lists of the gods and goddesses.

Rig Veda ? oldest work.
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• Indias greatest epic poem Mahabharata and the
  Ramayana (about important battles)
• Upanishads epic poems that are mystical and
  religious.

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Varna (Social Hierarchy)
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
Shudras
Pariahs Harijan ? Untouchables
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The Caste System
Brahmins
WHO IS
Kshatriyas

• The mouth?
• The arms?
• The legs?
• The feet?

Vaishyas
Shudras
What is a JATI?
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The Vedic Age
The foundations for Hinduism were established!
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India UnitesThe Mauryan and Gupta Dynasties
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Aryan Age ends with Invasion of Darius and
Alexander
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India begins to Unite c. 400-300BCE

• Persia first united NW India under Cyrus and
  Darius

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c. 330 Alexander the Great conquered Persia
Greek empire failed when Alexander diedNow a
native Indian Empire would begin.
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The Mauryan Empire 321-180 BCE
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Politics

• Founded by Chandragupta Maurya ( 324 to 301 B.C.)
• Increased centralized govt control over regional
  kingdoms
• large army of 700,000
• secret police to watch for treason
• 301 BCE gave up his throne to became a Jain
  monk (extreme Buddhism)

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Ashoka Maurya
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Ashoka 268-232 BC

• Most important ruler in ancient India
• Brutal military commander who extended the Empire
  throughout S. and E. India
• Battle of Kalinga - 260 BC
• 100,000 Kalingans died
• 150,000 Kalingans driven from their home
• More died from disease starvation in the
  aftermath of the destruction brought on by the
  war
• What have I done?
• Ashoka and many Indian leaders converted to
  Buddhism after this battle and became pacifists
• He spent the rest of his life encouraging
  non-violence, moderation and Buddhist principles
  to India

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Asokas Buddhist Rock and Pillar Edicts

• spread Buddhist principles
• scattered in more than 30 places in India,
  Nepal,Pakistan, Afghanistan.
• Each pillar is 40-50 high.
• helped bring order and unity to India

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Trade/Economy

• Agricultural economy
• New canals and irrigation systems for trade and
  agriculture.
• renovated major roads throughout India.
• built towns for spinning weaving textiles
• uniform system of currency, weights and measures
• Created provinces ruled by governors for tax
  assessments and law enforcement
• Taxes rose over time to build Ashokas projects
  which led to Empires fall at Ashokas death
• Increased trade by uniting India
• India traded silk, cotton, and spices to
  Mesopotamia, China, Egypt and Rome

Silver punch mark coin
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Indian Agriculture

• State farms operated and cultivated by slaves.
• Grew Rice, Pepper, Wheat, Barley, Mustard, Sugar
  Cane, Medicinal Roots

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Religion

• Buddhism grows
• built thousands of Stupas for Buddhist followers.
  
• built Buddhist schools and universities
• the unnecessary eating of animals was abolished.
• Wildlife became protected including the first
  national parks in the world
• promoted vegetarianism and built animal
  hospitals.
• Ashokas empire died out slowly after he died

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The Sanchi Stupa (Buddhist temple) by Ashoka
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Similarities between Buddhist Stupas and Pagotas

• Buddhism architecture spread from India when
  Buddhism spread over the next 1000 years

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• The Mauryan Empire at its Height

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Social

• The Caste System limited social opportunities
  determined who people could marry
• Families are patriarchalheaded by the eldest
  male
• Laws limited womens life and abilities
• Sati was sometimes practiced

Even a man in the grip of rage will not be harsh
to a woman, remembering that on her depends the
joy of love, happiness and virtue Mahabharata
epic
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Indian Population

• 50 million people during Mauryan Empire

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The Arts
transition from wood to stone in their
architecture and art
Indian Stupa
Ashoka's Pillars
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After the Mauryans Regional Rule and the Rise
of Jainism and Buddhism
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Regional Kingdoms and local rule - 185 BCE to CE
300

• Northern India
• Invading HUNS built new small regional kingdoms
• Hindu Kush civilizations
• Most powerful regional kingdoms for trade across
  the region and along the Silk Road
• Jainism grew in influence during this time of
  confusion since the leaders pushing Hindu and
  Buddhism were weakened

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Jainism like Hindu and Buddhism

• Believe in karma, dharma and Moksha
• expected to follow five principles of living
• Ahimsa "non violence in all parts of a person --
  mental, verbal and physical."
• Satya speaking truth avoiding falsehood
• Asteya to not steal from others
• Brahma-charya (soul conduct) remaining sexually
  monogamous to one's spouse only
• Aparigraha detach from people, places and
  material things. Avoiding the collection of
  excessive material possessions, abstaining from
  over-indulgence, restricting one's needs,