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Learning movement skills

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Learning movement skills – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Learning movement skills


1
Learning movement skills
2
learning
  • Experience gives us knowledge, which in turn
    influences the way we behave.

3
Learning
4
Learning motor skills
  • Practice and rehearsal
  • Trial and error
  • Observing others and then copying them

5
Practice and rehearsal
  • We make associations or links between what we see
    and hear (stimuli) and what we can do (response)
    by practising or rehearsing actions.
  • When learning motor skills for physical
    activities we practise repetitive drills that
    encourage movements to become almost automatic.
  • The responses of the learner become conditioned
    when associated with a particular stimulus.
  • This conditioning is more likely to succeed if
    there is a reward. This is often called positive
    reinforcement.

6
Positive reinforcement
  • Name given to the use of reward to encourage
    behaviour to be repeated and to make learning
    more likely. The desire to receive more reward
    causes the behaviour to be repeated. Positive
    reinforcement in the teaching and learning of
    motor skills can be in a number of forms such as
    praise from the teacher when the learner makes a
    required response. There is wide use of merit
    badges when certain skills or levels of
    performance are attained.

7
Practice and rehearsal
  • A possible problem with the drill style of
    teaching motor skills is that the participant
    does not gain an understanding of why he or she
    is doing something. This lack of understanding
    can limit the learning and development of more
    complex skills.

8
Trial and error learning of motor skills
  • Sometimes called operant conditioning, involves
    the shaping of behaviour through the use of
    reinforcement.
  • If a reward is given when a certain behaviour
    takes place then learning is much faster
    (complete reinforcement).
  • If a reward is given after a number of correct
    responses then learning takes longer but lasts
    longer (partial reinforcement).

9
Trial and error learning of motor skills
  • Trial and error is widely used in learning motor
    skills.
  • Rewards are used extensively in skills teaching
    because they reinforce the required behaviour

10
Trial and error learning of motor skills
  • Some argue that punishment is very effective in
    modifying behaviour.
  • Can also have detrimental side effects such as
    anxiety, lack of motivation and depression.
  • Some argue that punishment merely suppresses a
    response and as soon as the punishment ceases the
    undesired response recurs.
  • It is likely that a combination of reinforcement
    and punishment is effective with human behaviour.

11
Copying others observational learning
  • Learning takes place through the observation and
    copying or imitation (modelling) of others (role
    model).

12
Copying others observational learning
  • With observational learning, responses are
    spontaneous and often there is no intention on
    the models part to be teaching any type of
    behaviour.
  • Behaviour is more likely to be copied (and
    reinforced) if the consequences of the behaviour
    both by the model and the observer are desirable
  • Observational learning is not just about
    imitation. It also involves learning about
    morals, values and patterns of social behaviour

13
Conclusions from studies about copying behaviour
to learn motor skills
  • Appropriate behaviour is more likely to be
    copied. (e.g. aggressive male models are more
    likely to be copied than aggressive female
    models).
  • Boys are more likely to imitate aggressive
    behaviour because through influences such as
    media or friends they see aggressive behaviour as
    appropriate for them.
  • Role models whose behaviour is reinforced in some
    way by significant others are likely to be
    copied.
  • More powerful role models are more likely to be
    imitated.
  • If a role models behaviour is consistent, it is
    more likely to be copied

14
Role models
  • Social learning through observation and imitation
    is very relevant to learning motor skills in
    physical activities.
  • Role models can influence the views and behaviour
    of others (especially children)
  • Top sports people are enthusiastically watched
    and copied by young viewers.
  • Their behaviour is seen as acceptable and
    preferable to others.

15
Demonstration
  • Is particularly important in the process of
    teaching skills
  • Imitation of the demonstration will depend on the
    observers attention, visualisation, retention,
    motor reproduction and motivation.

16
Paying attention
  • To be able to imitate or copy a demonstration the
    performer must pay attention and focus on
    important movements or cues.
  • The attractiveness, status and competence will
    influence the amount of attention they are paid
  • The personal characteristics of the observer and
    the incentives are also important influences.
  • If there are problems in copying the learned
    behaviour it is often because attention has been
    distracted or interfered with at the time of
    watching the role model.

17
Recording a visual image
  • The observer (learner) must be able to remember
    the model that is presented
  • He/she needs to create a mental picture (or
    visual image) of the process.
  • Mental rehearsal can improve retention of this
    mental image

18
Motor reproduction
  • The observer must be physically able to imitate
    the skill being observed
  • Trials - feedback - muscular development are
    all also important

19
Motivation
  • We copy the skills performed by others because we
    are motivated to achieve success and because of
    our drive to be accepted by others.
  • External reinforcement will increase motivation
    because the perceived consequences will be
    desirable
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