INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES (INCLUDING GERUNDIVE AND GERUND)

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INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES (INCLUDING GERUNDIVE
AND GERUND)
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DEFINITIONS

• Infinitive A verbal noun, similar in function to
  the English infinitive (to love etc.).
• Laborare est orare To work is to pray
• Participle An adjective formed from a verb and
  also functioning as a noun for people doing,
  having done something etc.
• Caesar, omnibus hostibus superatis, Romam rediit.
  
• With all his enemies defeated, Caesar
  returned to Rome
• Gerundive A verbal adjective acting rather like
  a future passive participle (going to be ---ed)
  but also expressing the idea of necessity or
  obligation.
• Delenda est Carthago Carthage must be
  destroyed
• Gerund a verbal noun identical in form to the
  neuter singular of the gerundive. It is not used
  in the nominative, for which the infinitive is
  used instead.
• Amicos defendendi causa pugnavimus We fought
  for the sake of defending our friends
• Supine A verbal noun identical in the accusative
  (-um) to the neuter singular of the past
  participle and with an ablative/dative in -u.
• Hic liber dignus est lectu
  This book is worth reading

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PARTICIPLE FORMATION

• Present
• The ns, -ntis ending for the present participle
  is normally added to the base used in the
  Imperfect tense
• The verb esse had no present participle in the
  classical period but a form ens, entis came into
  use in the Middle Ages.
• The common irregular verb eo (go) has u before
  the nt iens, euntis
• The participle declines like an ordinary third
  declension adjective but the ablative singular
  ends in e, not i if the participle is felt to
  be more verbal than adjectival in meaning
• Cum puella canente ambulabam I was walking with
  a girl who was singing
• Cum puella canenti ambulabam I was walking with
  a girl who was a singer
• Perfect
• The fourth of a verbs four principal parts.
• Always ends in tus, -sus, or xus
• Future
• Formed from the perfect participle by inserting
  ur- before the endings. With intransitive verbs,
  a future participle may be formed from what the
  perfect participle would have been if one
  existed! E.g. venturus, about to come

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PARTICIPLES
PRESENT (ACTIVE) amans, amantis habens, habentis regens. regentis audiens, audientis ____
PERFECT (PASSIVE but ACTIVE in Deponents)
FUTURE (ACTIVE)
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PARTICIPLES
PRESENT (ACTIVE) amans, amantis habens, habentis regens. regentis audiens, audientis ____
PERFECT (PASSIVE but ACTIVE in Deponents) amatus habitus rectus auditus ____
FUTURE (ACTIVE)
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PARTICIPLES
PRESENT (ACTIVE) amans, amantis habens, habentis regens. regentis audiens, audientis ____
PERFECT (PASSIVE but ACTIVE in Deponents) amatus habitus rectus auditus ____
FUTURE (ACTIVE) amaturus habiturus recturus auditurus futurus
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DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative regens regens regentes regentia
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative regens regens regentes regentia
Genitive regentis regentis regentium regentium
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative regens regens regentes regentia
Genitive regentis regentis regentium regentium
Dative regenti regenti regentibus regentibus
Accusative
Ablative
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DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative regens regens regentes regentia
Genitive regentis regentis regentium regentium
Dative regenti regenti regentibus regentibus
Accusative regentem regens regentes/is regentia
Ablative
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DECLENSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
M F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M F (Plr) Neut (Plr)
Nominative regens regens regentes regentia
Genitive regentis regentis regentium regentium
Dative regenti regenti regentibus regentibus
Accusative regentem regens regentes/is regentia
Ablative regenti/e regenti/e regentibus regentibus
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GERUNDIVE

• A passive verbal adjective (sometimes described
  as a future passive participle) usually formed by
  adding ndus, -a, -um to the base used in forming
  the imperfect tense and present participle. In
  the third and fourth conjugations, u can be used
  instead of e
• amabat gt amandus docebat gt docendus
• regebat gt regendus (regundus) audiebat gt
  audiendus (audiundus)
• Used for expressing necessity, with the person
  who needs to act put in the Dative. The most
  natural english translation is usually in the
  active voice
• Nobis haec vocabula ediscenda sunt.
  
  We have to learn these words by heart.
• Mihi theatrum relinquendum est. I have to leave
  the theatre.
• Also used in noun phrases where English would
  prefer the (active) gerund in ing or two nouns
• De castris defendendis colloquamur Lets talk
  about defending the camp/the defence
  of the camp.

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GERUND

• A verbal noun, identical to the neuter of the
  gerundive, but used in the active sense.
• Equivalent to the English ing form of the verb,
  which is called a gerund when it is used like a
  noun but a present participle when it is an
  adjective
• Can be used in a noun phrase with a noun in the
  accusative in place of a gerundive phrase but
  this tends to happen only when gerundive and noun
  both have long endings (especially genitive
  plural)
• de amicis defendendis (with gerundive) is better
  than de amicos defendendo (with gerund)
• amicos defendendi causa (with gerund) is better
  than amicorum defendendorum causa (with
  gerundive)

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SUPINE

• Normally identical with the neuter singular of
  the past participle and therefore used as the
  fourth principal part of a transitive verb not
  often used in sentences.
• With iri, forms the future passive infinitive.
  This is used in indirect stement but often the
  construction with fore ut (to be going to be
  that)plus subjunctive is preferred
• Non putabam Henricum superatum iri / fore ut
  Henricus superaretur I didnt think Henry
  would be defeated.
• Can be used to express purpose after a verb of
  motion
• Petrus cubitum it. Peter goes to lie down
  (i.e. goes to bed) verb is cubo, cubare,
  cubui, cubitum
• There is a special ablative form in u which can
  be used with adjectives in expressions such as
  mirabile dictu (strange to say), liber est lectu
  dignus (the book is worth reading)

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INFINITIVES

• Note that most infinitives are invariable
  (endings do not change) but that when they
  contain a perfect or future participle, they are
  declined like bonus bona bonum.
• The future passive infinitive in um iri (to be
  going to ____ ed) is rarely used and, where one
  would expect it in indirect statement, is
  normally replaced by a paraphrase with fore ut
  (to be going to be that) plus the subjunctive
• Putasne fore ut milites nostri superentur?
  Do you hink our soldiers will
  be defeated?
• Putabasne fore ut milites nostri superarentur?
  
• Did you think our soldiers would be
  defeated?

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INFINITIVES
PRESENT ACTIVE amare habere regere audire esse
PRESENT PASSIVE
PERFECT ACTIVE
PERFECT PASSIVE
FUTURE ACTIVE
FUTURE PASSIVE
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INFINITIVES
PRESENT ACTIVE amare habere regere audire esse
PRESENT PASSIVE amari haberi regi audiri ____
PERFECT ACTIVE
PERFECT PASSIVE
FUTURE ACTIVE
FUTURE PASSIVE
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INFINITIVES
PRESENT ACTIVE amare habere regere audire esse
PRESENT PASSIVE amari haberi regi audiri ____
PERFECT ACTIVE amavisse habuisse rexisse audivisse fuisse
PERFECT PASSIVE
FUTURE ACTIVE
FUTURE PASSIVE
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INFINITIVES
PRESENT ACTIVE amare habere regere audire esse
PRESENT PASSIVE amari haberi regi audiri ____
PERFECT ACTIVE amavisse habuisse rexisse audiri fuisse
PERFECT PASSIVE amatus esse habitus esse rectus esse auditus esse _____
FUTURE ACTIVE
FUTURE PASSIVE
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INFINITIVES
PRESENT ACTIVE amare habere regere audire esse
PRESENT PASSIVE amari haberi regi audiri ____
PERFECT ACTIVE amavisse habuisse rexisse audiri fuisse
PERFECT PASSIVE amatus esse habitus esse rectus esse auditus esse _____
FUTURE ACTIVE amaturus esse habiturus esse recturus esse auditurus esse futurus esse OR fore
FUTURE PASSIVE
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INFINITIVES
PRESENT ACTIVE amare habere regere audire esse
PRESENT PASSIVE amari haberi regi audiri ____
PERFECT ACTIVE amavisse habuisse rexisse audiri fuisse
PERFECT PASSIVE amatus esse habitus esse rectus esse auditus esse _____
FUTURE ACTIVE amaturus esse habiturus esse recturus esse auditurus esse futurus esse OR fore
FUTURE PASSIVE amatum iri habitum iri rectum iri auditum iri _____