THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Chapter 22

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RESPIRATION

• The exchange of gases between the atmosphere,
  lungs, blood, and tissues

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Respiration

• Pulmonary ventilationbreathing
• External respirationoccurs within the lungs
• Transport of respiratory gasesvia the blood
• Internal respirationoccurs within the tissues

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REQUIREMENTS

• Gas exchange surfaces must be thin.
• Gas exchange surfaces must remain moist.
• Gas exchange surfaces must be large in relation
  to the size of the organism.

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY

• Nose and nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchial tree
• Lungs
• Diaphragm

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Nose
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Nose
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Pharynx
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Pharynx
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Larynx
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Larynx
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Vocal Folds and Ligaments
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Trachea and Bronchial Tree
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Tracheal Anatomy
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Tracheal Anatomy
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Conducting Zones
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Bronchial Tree
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Lower Bronchial Tree
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Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane
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Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane
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Tissue Changes Summarized

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
• Simple columnar
• Cuboidal
• Smooth muscle
• Cartilage rings
• Cilia
• Simple squamous

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The Lungs and Pleural Coverings
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The Lungs and Pleural Coverings
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RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
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Pressures

• Atmospheric pressure
• Alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary pressure)
• Intrapleural pressure
• Boyles Law
• More volumeless pressure
• Less volumemore pressure

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Thoracic Volume and Inspiration
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Thoracic Volume and Expiration
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Changes in Thoracic Volumes
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Factors Influencing Pulmonary Ventilation

• Airway Resistance
• Surface Tension
• Lung Compliance

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Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
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Volumes and Capacities
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Volumes and Capacities
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Dead Space

• Anatomical dead space
• Alveolar dead space
• Total dead space

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Non-Respiratory Air Movements
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Regulation of Respiration

• Medullary respiratory center
• Dorsal respiratory center (DRC)
• Ventral respiratory center (VRC)
• Pontine center
• formerly called the Pneumotaxic center
• Hypothalamus

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Gas Transport
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Basic Properties of Gases
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
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Partial Pressure and Gas Exchange
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At the Lungs
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At the Tissues
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Factors Influencing Gas Transport and Hemoglobin
Saturation
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Factors Influencing Gas Transport and Hemoglobin
Saturation
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Factors Affecting Breathing Rate and Depth
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Homeostatic Imbalances of the Respiratory System

• Sinusitis
• Laryngitis
• Pleurisy
• Atelectasis
• Pneumothorax
• Dyspnea
• Pneumonia
• Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

• Emphysema
• Chronic bronchitis
• Asthma
• Tuberculosis
• Cystic fibrosis
• Pulmonary embolism
• Sleep apnea
• Hypoxia