World War Looms

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• World War Looms
• Chapter Sixteen

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Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations Territorial Losses Military Restrictions War Guilt
International peace organization enemy and neutral nations initially excluded Germany and Russia excluded Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France French border extended to west bank of Rhine River Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa and the Pacific Limits set on the size of the German army Germany prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons or war material Germany forbidden to build or buy submarines or have an air force sole responsibility for the war placed on Germanys shoulders Germany forced to pay the Allies 33 billion in reparations over 30 years Germany paid off the debt on October 3, 2010
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World War Looms Objective

• Trace the rise of dictators, the beginnings of
  war, and the American response to the 1930s

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Chapter Overview

• An imperfect peace leads to the rise of dictators
  who brutally suppress opponents and innocent
  people at home and attack their neighbors. Soon
  the United States is drawn into worldwide war.

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Dictators Threaten World Peace

• Section One

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Chapters in Brief

• The Treaty of Versailles created problems that
  led to new dangers. Germans resented losing
  territory and being blamed for starting the war.
  New democratic governments in many nations were
  weak. Soon dictators seized power.
• In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin focused on
  creating a communist state, in which the state
  takes ownership of farms and factories away from
  individuals. He also made the nation a huge
  police state, in which anyone who criticized him
  or his policies was arrested and removed.

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Chapters in Brief

• In Italy, Benito Mussolini came to power as head
  of a fascist movement. Fascism combines
  nationalism with a strong central government,
  though it avoids communisms direct control of
  farms and factories. Mussolini crushed all foes.
• In Germany, Adolf Hitler hoped to unite all
  German-speaking people into a new German empire.
  Hitler believed that Germans especially blond,
  blue-eyed Aryans were a master race, fated to
  achieve power over all inferior races. Hitler
  also believe that Germany had to expand its
  territory to thrive. His political movement was
  called Nazism, which combined extreme nationalism
  with racism and expansionism. Once appointed
  chancellor, Hitler seized all power.

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Chapters in Brief

• In Japan, military leaders believed that more
  land and resources were needed. In 1931, they
  launched an attack on a province in China. With
  success there, Japanese militarists gained
  control of Japans government. The League of
  Nations failure to stop Japan emboldened Hitler
  and Mussolini. Hitler rebuilt the German armed
  forces breaking the Versailles treaty. Mussolini
  conquered Ethiopia in Africa.
• World nations responded weakly to these threats
  to peace. Most Americans wanted the U.S. to
  avoid foreign conflicts. In the Neutrality Acts,
  Congress outlawed arms sales or loans to nations
  at war. In 1935, a civil war broke out in Spain
  between an elected government and a group of
  fascists. The U.S. government remained neutral.
  By 1937, Roosevelt was less willing to remain
  neutral to the dictators growing power. When
  Japan invaded China that year, he continued to
  send arms and supplies to China.

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Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia

• Less than two decades after the end of WW I
  the war to end all wars fighting erupted
  again in Europe and in Asia
• Peace had brought not prosperity but revolution
  fueled by economic depression and struggle
• Postwar years brought the rise of powerful
  dictators driven by the belief in nationalism and
  territorial expansion

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Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia (continued)

• The Treaty of Versailles caused anger and
  resentment not just a secure peace.
• Germans saw nothing fair in the treaty
• 1. blamed for starting the war
• 2. stripped of overseas colonies and border
• territories
• Soviet Union Leader Joseph Stalin

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Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia (continued)

• Stalin focused on creating a model communist
  state specifically agricultural and industrial
  growth
• 1937, Soviet Union was the 2nd largest industrial
  power United States still 1st
• Stalin was a ruthless dictator
• 1. did not spare even his most faithful
  supporters
• 2. responsible for approximately 8,000,000 to
  13,000,000 deaths
• 3. millions more died in famines caused by the
• restructuring of Soviet society
• Stalin established a totalitarian government
  complete control over its citizens
• 1. individuals have no rights 2.
  government suppress all opposition

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Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia (continued)

• Italy Leader Benito Mussolini
• many issues in Italy
• 1. unemployment and inflation produced bitter
  strikes
• 2. middle and upper class demanded stronger
  leadership
• Mussolini was a powerful speaker who played on
  the fears of economic collapse and communism
• Mussolini established the Facist party
• Fascism stressed nationalism and placed the
  interests of the state above those of individuals
  power must rest with a single strong leader and
  a small group of devoted party members
• Italy wants peace, work, and calm. I will give
  these
• things with love if possible, with force if
  necessary
• - Benito Mussolini

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Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia (continued)

• Germany leader Adolf Hitler
• Hitler was a jobless soldier who joined a
  struggling group called the National Socialist
  German Workers Party (the Nazi Party) in 1919
  no ties to socialism
• Nazism the German brand of fascism based on
  extreme nationalism
• Speaking and organizing ability led him to become
  the party leader self proclaimed Der Fuhrer
  which means the leader

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Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia (continued)

• Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) where it
  set forth the basic beliefs of Nazism became
  the plan of action for the Nazi party
• enforced racial purification master Aryan
  race
• inferior races were deemed fit only to serve the
  Aryans
• believed Germans needed more lebenstraum (living
  space)
• Great Depression helped the Nazis come to power
  unemployed joined Hitlers private army Storm
  Troopers (Brown Shirts)
• 1932 Nazis were the strongest political power
• 1933 Hitler appointed chancellor (prime minister)

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Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia (continued)

• Hitler dismantled Germanys democratic Weimer
  Republic
• Hitler established the Third Reich
• (Third German Empire)
• Japan leaders agreed with Hitlers belief in the
  need for more living space for a growing
  population
• League of Nations did nothing when Japan seized
  Manchuria (Chinese providence)

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United States Responds Cautiously

• Kellogg-Briand Pact that was previously signed to
  declare war not be used as an instrument of
  national policy did not include a plan to deal
  with countries that broke their pledge
• Americans cling to isolationism
• FDR reached out to the world in several ways and
  by 1935 Congress passed a series of Neutrality
  Acts
• Roosevelt found it impossible to remain neutral
  however, the conflict remained over there

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Essential Question

• Which type of government, that arose prior to
  World War II, was the most dangerous? Explain.
• (Totalitarianism / Fascism / Nazism)
• Answer the question in three complete sentences
  in your summary section

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War in Europe

• Section Two

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Chapters in Brief

• In Europe, Hitler continued plans to increase
  German power. In 1937, Germany annexed Austria.
  The next year, Hitler claimed that Germans living
  in an area of Czechoslovakia were being
  mistreated. Great Britain and France appeased
  Hitler by letting him take over this area.
  Hitler promised it would be his last land
  seizure.
• The next year, Hitler claimed persecution of
  Germans in Poland. Many people thought he would
  never attack Poland for fear of the Soviet Union,
  on Polands eastern border. Then Germany and the
  Soviet Union signed an agreement not to attack
  each other.

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Chapters in Brief

• On September 1, 1939, Hitler launched World War
  II by attacking Poland. The Germans used tanks
  and plans in an attack called blitzkrieg, or
  lightening war. They overran Poland quickly.
  Great Britain and France declared war on Germany.
  For the next few months, both sides prepared for
  war.
• Meanwhile, Stalin seized some Baltic states and
  then occupied Finland. In the spring of 1940,
  Hitler attacked and captured Denmark, Norway, the
  Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. His forces
  overran France. Only Great Britain was left
  uninvaded. However, Hitlers air force bombed
  Britain frequently. The Royal Air Force, though,
  destroyed many German planes and won the Battle
  of Britain.

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To avoid another world war
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The Pact was dishonorable and would NOT prevent
war
To avoid another world war
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The Pact was dishonorable and would NOT prevent
war
To avoid another world war
Not to fight each other to divide Poland between
them
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The Pact was dishonorable and would NOT prevent
war
To avoid another world war
Not to fight each other to divide Poland between
them
Poland was divided between Germany and the USSR
Britain and France declared war on Germany
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The Pact was dishonorable and would NOT prevent
war
To avoid another world war
Not to fight each other to divide Poland between
them
Poland was divided between Germany and the USSR
Britain and France declared war on Germany
Germany occupied the northern part of France a
Nazi-controlled puppet government was set up in
Vichy in southern France
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The Pact was dishonorable and would NOT prevent
war
To avoid another world war
Not to fight each other to divide Poland between
them
Poland was divided between Germany and the USSR
Britain and France declared war on Germany
Germany occupied the northern part of France a
Nazi-controlled puppet government was set up in
Vichy in southern France
Air War a British victory forced Hitler to
call off the invasion of Britain indefinitely
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The Holocaust

• Section Three

Work Sets You Free
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Chapters in Brief

• Part of Hitlers plan for Germany was to make the
  country racially pure. In 1933, he ordered all
  non-Aryans out of government jobs. In 1935, new
  laws hurt the people who were Hitlers main
  target the Jews. They lost their civil rights
  and property. In 1938, the Nazis terrorized Jews
  in a night of attacks. During the Nazis rise to
  power, Jews left Germany in great numbers. The
  United States accepted some 100,000 refugees, but
  refused to accept more. Many Americans feared
  competition for scarce Depression-era jobs.
• In 1939, the Nazis adopted a horrible final
  solution to what they called the Jewish
  problem, Jews who were healthy would be seized
  and sent to slave labor camps. The rest would be
  taken and systematically killed. Some Jews were
  crowded into ghettos, special sections of cities.
  Most were taken to concentration camps where
  they suffered hunger, illness, overwork, and
  death. In 1941, the Nazis built special death
  camps meant solely to kill people in mass
  numbers. Prisoners were gassed or shot. Some
  died in horrible medical experiments. Nearly
  six million Jews died in the death camps. The
  Nazis also murdered many other peoples Soviets,
  Poles, gypsies, homosexuals, and the disabled.
  Remarkably, some survived to tell the world of
  the atrocity.

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Long history of anti-Semitism (prejudice against
Jews))
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Long history of anti-Semitism (prejudice against
Jews)
Stripped Jews of their
Civil Rights and property if they tried to leave
Germany Over age 6 must wear ID symbol (Yellow
Star of David)
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Long history of anti-Semitism (prejudice against
Jews)
Stripped Jews of their
Civil Rights and property if they tried to leave
Germany Over age 6 must wear ID symbol (Yellow
Star of David)
Gangs of Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish
homes, businesses, and temples
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Long history of anti-Semitism (prejudice against
Jews)
Stripped Jews of their
Civil Rights and property if they tried to leave
Germany Over age 6 must wear ID symbol (Yellow
Star of David)
Gangs of Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish
homes, businesses, and temples
Anti-Semitism, Great Depression, Fear of enemy
agents
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Long history of anti-Semitism (prejudice against
Jews)
Stripped Jews of their
Civil Rights and property if they tried to leave
Germany Over age 6 must wear ID symbol(Yellow
Star of David)
Gangs of Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish
homes, businesses, and temples
Anti-Semitism, Great Depression, Fear of enemy
agents
Jews, Communists, gypsies, homosexuals, mentally
disabled, Poles, Ukrainians, Russians
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Long history of anti-Semitism (prejudice against
Jews)
Stripped Jews of their
Civil Rights and property if they tried to leave
Germany Over age 6 must wear ID symbol (Yellow
Star of David)
Gangs of Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish
homes, businesses, and temples
Anti-Semitism, Great Depression, Fear of enemy
agents
Jews, Communists, gypsies, homosexuals, mentally
disabled, Poles, Ukrainians, Russians
Created large, factory-like Death camps. Used
poison gas as well as more traditional forms of
killing
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America Moves toward WarSection Four

• From a nation of neutrality to a nation of
  nuclear bombs

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Chapters in Brief

• According to the Neutrality Acts, the United
  States could not enter the war in Europe to aid
  Poland after Germany invaded Poland. However,
  President Roosevelt began preparing the nation
  for war. He persuaded Congress to amend the
  acts, allowing the United States to sell weapons
  to Great Britain and France. When Japan signed
  an agreement with Germany and Italy, many
  Americans were alarmed. Roosevelt increased the
  aid to Great Britain. At the same time, Congress
  passed a military draft and began training men
  for the armed forces. In 1940, Roosevelt broke
  tradition and ran for a third term as president.
  He won.
• Roosevelt spoke to Americans of the threat Hitler
  posed. He proposed increasing American armaments
  to loan to Great Britain. He stopped short of
  entering the war. Some aid went to the Soviet
  Union too Hitler had broken his agreement with
  Stalin in 1941 and attacked his former ally. The
  Germans used submarines to attack the American
  ships carrying weapons and supplies to its
  enemies.

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Chapters in Brief

• In August 1941, Roosevelt met with British Prime
  Minister Winston Churchill. They issued the
  Atlantic Charter, a statement of goals for which
  the war was being fought. The United States had
  not yet entered the war, however. German
  submarines attacked American ships, but Roosevelt
  felt he lacked support to declare war.
• In the Pacific, conflict grew between Japan and
  the United States. When Japan seized Indochina,
  the United States protested. Peace talks between
  the two countries began in late 1941. On
  December 7, 1941, however, the Japanese attacked
  the main U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
  The attack left many navy ships destroyed and
  others crippled. The next day, President
  Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of
  war, which was quickly approved.

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United States Musters Its Forces

• In 1939, the Germans invaded Poland
• During this time Roosevelt revised the Neutrality
  Act of 1935 and prepared the nation for the
  struggle that lay ahead
• 1939? Roosevelt persuaded congress to pass a
  cash-and-carry provision allowing warring
  nations to buy U.S. arms as long as they paid
  cash, and transported them in their own ships
• Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939 and
  the cash-and-carry policy went into effect

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The Axis Threat

• By summer of 1940, France had fallen and Britain
  was under siege
• Roosevelt sent aid to the British? rifles and
  machine guns
• On September 27, 1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan
  had signed a mutual defense treaty ? Tripartite
  Act -designed to keep the United States out of
  the war
• Axis Powers ? Germany, Italy, and Japan

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Building Defenses

• Roosevelt asked Congress to increase spending for
  National Defense
• 1940 ? Congress passed the first peacetime
  military draft
• 16 million men between the ages of 21 and 35 were
  registered

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Great Arsenal of Democracy

• Britain had spent all of their money
• Lend-Lease Policy? the president would lend or
  lease arms and other supplies to any country
  whose defense was vital to the United States
• Congress passed the Lend Lease Act in March 1941
• U.S. not only helped Britain, but helped the
  Soviet Union as well

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Great Arsenal of Democracy

• Lend-lease act was to aid Britain and the Soviet
  Union, and to ensure the safe delivery of goods
  to the countries
• Hitler deployed hundreds of U-boats to sink ships
  bringing supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union
• 1941 - Roosevelt granted the Navy permission for
  U.S. warships to attack German U-Boats in self
  defense

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FDRs Plans for War

• Churchill and Roosevelt created a joint
  declaration of arms
• Atlantic Charter? a 1941 declaration of
  principles in which the United States and Great
  Britain set forth their goals in fighting the
  Axis Powers Makes Britain and U.S. ALLIES
• Allies ? The nations who fought against the Axis
  powers United States, Britain, Soviet Union
  (China, Mexico, Brazil, and numerous others)

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Japan Attacks the United States

• French, Dutch, and British colonies in the area
  were unprotected
• the British were too busy fighting off Hitler to
  protect their colonies
• only the U.S. and its Pacific Islands were in
  Japans way
• Japans leader - Hideki Tojo
• (becomes prime minister)

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Pearl Harbor
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Japan Attacks the United States

• Attack on Pearl Harbor Video

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Pearl Harbor Attack

• U.S. military leaders had known from a coded
  Japanese message that an attack might come
• did NOT know when or where
• Damages in about two hours
• 19 ships including 8 battleships
• approximately 2,403 killed
• approximately 1,178 wounded
• Good News all aircraft carriers were in the
  ocean
• On December 7, 1941 the Japanese bombed the naval
  base at
• Pearl Harbor in Hawaii ? The Day That
  Will Live in Infamy

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Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot
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Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
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USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
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President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of
War on December 8, 1941
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Essential Question

• Do you think the United States should have waited
  to be attacked before declaring war? Justify
  your answer.
• Answer the question in three complete sentences
  in your summary section

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World War Looms Objective

• Trace the rise of dictators, the beginnings of
  war, and the American response to the 1930s