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Exploration and Colonization

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Title: Exploration and Colonization


1
Exploration and Colonization
  • Unit One

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The World Pre-Columbus
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I. Early Exploration
  • Late 1400s European nations begin exploring and
    establishing colonies in
  • Asia
  • Africa
  • The Americas

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  • How were these nations in Europe able to begin
    this Age of Exploration?
  • National leaders had grown in power and wealth
    and could afford to finance voyages.
  • New technology (compass, telescope, improved
    ships) allowed explorers to travel across vast
    oceans.

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Portuguese Caravel
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  • What convinced kings and queens to pay for
    expeditions?
  • GodExpansion was seen as a way to spread
    Christianity.
  • GoldCountries hoped to discover lands that
    would make them rich!
  • GloryExplorers and monarchs would become
    heroes.

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  • Portugal was the first nation to impact the Age
    of Exploration.
  • Sailed into and around Africa returned with
    resources and African slaves
  • Eventually reached the Americas and est.
    settlements in what is today Brazil in South Am.
  • Brought slaves to the New World and attempted to
    convert Native Americans to Christianity

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  • Spain was the next nation to explore the
    Americas.
  • 1492 Christopher Columbus explored islands in
    the Caribbean
  • 1499 Amerigo Vespucci wrote letters describing
    these new lands (America)
  • Spain considered these lands open to
    colonization, even though many native peoples
    already lived there

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  • Columbian Exchange the exchange of resources
    and goods between Europe and the Americas
  • -benefited Europeans, not Native Americans
    (slaves, death)

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  • Early 1500s Spanish conquistadors began
    conquering Mexico and South Am. (ex Hernan
    Cortes overran the Aztecs in 1519)
  • 1519 Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for
    Spain
  • 1595 St. Augustine, FL became the first
    permanent European settlement in North Am.
  • -oldest city in the US today

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Castillo de San Marcos
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  • Spain established missions to teach Native Am.s
    the Catholic faith, the Spanish lang., and how to
    be loyal to the King
  • These missions also served the poor and set up
    schools
  • Spain established colonies in present-day
  • 1) Mexico
  • 2) Parts of South America
  • 3) Southern and Southwest US

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The Spanish Empire
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  • European diseases killed millions of Native
    Americans
  • The natives had no immunity to such diseases as
    small pox, measles, the flu, etc.
  • This made it easier for Spain and others to
    conquer Native Am. lands

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  • France established their first permanent
    settlement in North Am. at Quebec in present-day
    Canada (1608).
  • Some settled along the Ohio and Miss. Rivers and
    the Gulf of Mexico
  • Most came for economic reasons
  • Est. a profitable fur trade with the Native Ams.
  • Most French, unlike other nations, viewed their
    time in Am. as temporary

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  • The Netherlands (Holland) established New
    Amsterdam in 1626 (now NYC)

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II. The British Colonies
  • The British established colonies along the
    eastern coast of North America
  • Between the Atlantic and Appalachian Mts.
  • From Georgia to Maine

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  • Roanoke, NC first major attempt at British
    settlement in the New World failed twice
  • 1585 starving settlers returned back to England
  • 1587 ended in a great mystery only empty
    buildings were found

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  • Jamestown, VA first successful British
    settlement (1607)
  • Established by the Virginia Company who hoped to
    profit from the raw materials
  • Most of the early settlers died (brutal winters,
    disease, starvation)
  • John Rolfe saved Jamestown by bringing tobacco to
    the colony
  • House of Burgesses first example of
    self-government in the colonies (two houses)

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Jamestown (1607)
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Starving Time
  • THE FAMISHED JAMESTOWN COLONISTS BEGAN BY EATING
    THEIR HORSES.
  • THE HORSES WERE FOLLOWED BY RATS, MICE, DOGS,
    CATS, SNAKES AND ... BOOTS.
  • THEN THEY BEGAN EYEING EACH OTHER!!!!
  • THEY WOULD LATER CALL IT THE "STARVING TIME,"
    WINTER 1609-10.

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  • SOME COLONISTS DUG THEIR OWN GRAVES AND LAY DOWN
    IN THEM, RESIGNED TO DEATH.
  • THEY BOILED THEIR FANCY COLLARS, OR RUFFS, FOR
    THE STARCH.
  • THEY ATE THEIR DEAD.
  • GEORGE PERCY, ONE OF JAMESTOWN'S EARLY LEADERS,
    IN ABOUT 1625 PROVIDED WHAT IS PROBABLY THE
    BEST-KNOWN AND MOST GRUESOME ACCOUNT.
  • HE DESCRIBED A "WORLDE OF MISERIES" THAT
    INCLUDED HUNGER-CRAZED COLONISTS DIGGING UP THE
    DEAD, AND ONE MAN WHO KILLED, "SALTED" AND CARVED
    UP HIS PREGNANT WIFE FOR FOOD.

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  • Plymouth, MA established by a group of
    Puritans, the Pilgrims, in 1620
  • Came for religious freedom (persecuted by the
    Church of Eng.)
  • Mayflower Compact first efforts at
    self-government in New England
  • -est. an elected legislature and said
    the govt derived its power from the
    people

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  • Over the next 150 years, England established 13
    colonies in the New World
  • Massachusetts 8) North Carolina
  • Connecticut 9) South Carolina
  • Pennsylvania 10) Rhode Island
  • New York 11) Maryland
  • Virginia 12) New Hampshire
  • New Jersey 13) Georgia
  • Delaware

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  • Citizens living in these 13 colonies were
    citizens of England as much as if they had been
    living in London, England 3,000 miles away.
  • Why did thousands make the trip to the British
    Colonies?
  • Religious Freedom
  • Political Freedom
  • Economic Opportunity

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  • The British Colonies can be divided into 3
    geographic regions, each with its own economy and
    way of life
  • New England Colonies
  • Founded on religion and strongly influenced by
    the Puritan faith
  • After the Pilgrims landed, other Puritans settled
    farther north and est. the Massachusetts Bay
    Colony

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  • Some left Mass. and est. colonies elsewhere (RI,
    CT, NH) often left because of disagreements
    with the church
  • Fundamentals Order of Connecticut stated that
    the govts power came only from the free consent
    of the people
  • Shipbuilding, trade, and fishing were important
    industries farms were very small

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  • Salem Witch Trials (1692) Accused of being
    witches, several girls in Salem, Mass. were
    sentenced to death
  • Puritans were the first to promote public
    education (everyone should be able to read the
    Bible)
  • Generally, only boys attended school while girls
    trained for womanly duties at home

44
The Salem Witch Trials were a fearful and
disastrous time in American history. As regular
children and adults were accused of being
witches, families were torn apart. The once
friendly communities were now full of rumors and
distrust, suspicion, and dislike. Anyone could be
declared a witch, even innocent widows or young
girls who were different in one simple way or
disliked by one Puritan person. The punishments
for witches were often horrifying and included
hanging, water drowning, burning, and pressing
the "witches."
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  • Middle Colonies
  • Religious tolerance attracted many to the region
    (Quakers, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Mennonites)
  • This was the most culturally diverse of the 3
    regions
  • Eng. conquered New Amsterdam and renamed it New
    York
  • Pennsylvania became a homeland for Quakers

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  • New York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia were
    important shipping ports for trade
  • Had a mixed economy of farming and commerce
    (business)
  • Wheat, barley, and rye were staple crops (sold
    for profit)

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  • Southern Colonies
  • Est. primarily for economic reasons, unlike New
    England
  • Relied on staple crops such as rice, tobacco, and
    cotton which needed a large labor force
  • Plantations, huge farms owned by wealthy
    landowners, emerged in the South

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  • Farmers first used indentured servants people
    who agreed to work for up to 7 years in exchange
    for the landowner paying for their passage to Am.
  • Slavery took hold by the mid-1600s
  • The South did not develop major port cities
    because of the numerous waterways leading to the
    Atlantic
  • Education was not emphasized, except for the
    wealthy

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  • Colonial Women for the most part were considered
    2nd-class citizens
  • They tended to enjoy far more freedom than women
    in Eng. but still could not vote nor usually
    attend school
  • Their main responsibilities were raising children
    and taking care of the home
  • Sometimes allowed to own property if their
    husband or father was unavailable
  • Sometimes took on the traditional jobs of men due
    to labor shortages

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III. Colonial Governments
  • Government Structure for each of the 13 colonies
    (greatly influenced by Englands model)
  • The King of Eng. appointed an official to rule or
    govern each colony Governor
  • The Governor appointed a group of advisors to
    help him rule - Council

56
  • Played two important roles in the government
  • Served as the highest court of each colony
  • Served as one house of each colonys lawmaking
    body
  • Note The other house in each colonys lawmaking
    body was called a legislative assembly which the
    people of that colony elected

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  • Those that settled in the New World often brought
    their ideas about the role and function of govt
    with them, including the British

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  • 4 Major Principles About Government Transplanted
    From England to the Colonies
  • Limited Government The idea that rulers should
    not have total control over their people rulers
    do not have absolute power
  • Representative Government Citizens have the
    right to pick (elect) their own leaders

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  1. Rule of Law All people, including the govt,
    must obey a set of written rules, or laws
  2. Individual Liberty Each person has rights

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  • The colonists believed that they were entitled to
    the same rights as English citizens.
  • Many of these rights were contained in 2
    important documents
  • Magna Carta signed by King John in 1215
    limited the power of the King, protected the
    right of people to own property, and guaranteed
    trial by jury

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  • 2) English Bill of Rights a list of freedoms
    that the govt promised to protect, required
    Parliament to meet regularly, and said the King
    couldnt raise taxes without Parliaments consent

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  • For the most part, Eng. allowed the colonists to
    rule themselves up until the mid-1700s.
  • Salutary Neglect colonists were left alone as
    long as they
  • Sent raw materials back to Eng.
  • Bought British goods
  • Remained loyal to Eng.
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