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Objective 3TAKS 10th and 11th grades Home
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Questions from TAKS regarding ecology
Questions from TAKS regarding evolution
Questions from TAKS regarding bacteria/virus
Interactive non-TAKS quizzes on the internet
Link to 10th grade study guide Scroll to p.281
for objective 3
Link to 11th grade study guide Scroll to p.324
for objective 3
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Ecology
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• Go to Trophic levels of webs, chains, pyramids
• Go to Energy transfers
• Go to Recycling of matter
• Go to Relationships
• Go to Biomagnifications

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Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
producer
In this food chain, the spiders are A
producers B primary consumers C competitors D
secondary consumers
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Grass ?White-tailed deer ? Mountain lions ?
Vultures

• Which population in this food chain is most
  likely to have the greatest biomass?
• A Grass
• B White-tailed deer
• C Mountain lions
• D Vultures

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According to this food web, which of these is an
omnivore? F Caterpillar G Mouse H Ant J Fly larva
Just eating corn.
Omnivores eat both plants and animals. Arrows
point to the eater.
Just eating corn and grass
Just eating corn and grass and caterpillars
Just eating birds and caterpillars
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Which organisms in this food web can be described
as both primary and secondary consumers? F
Hawks G Weasels H Raccoons J Mice
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Secondary consumers eat herbivores.
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Primary consumers are HERBIVORES
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51 In this food web, the bacteria probably
function as A producers B herbivores C
decomposers D carnivores
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Bacteria are eating grasshoppers, mice, weasels.
Plants
Plant EATERS
An omnivore that eats the dead.
Animal EATERS
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Bacteria are eating opossum, grass and quail.
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• Which organisms are both secondary and tertiary
  consumers in this partial desert food web?
• A Hawk and snake
• B Lizard and wood rat
• C Termite and hawk
• D Snake and lizard

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Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level
because they A both live on land B are both
large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have
similar hunting patterns
Trophic levels do not include home/habitat.
Trophic levels have nothing to do with
classification or nomenclature.
Animals in the same trophic level defines that
they eat of the same trophic level below.
You dont have to hunt in a similar way to be in
the same trophic level.
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The marine ecosystem represented above is able to
thrive with a small autotroph biomass because A
autotrophs reproduce rapidly B first-order
consumers are small C second-order consumers are
rare D third-order consumers eat very little
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In this food pyramid, which level contains the
greatest amount of energy? A Tertiary consumers B
Secondary consumers C Primary
consumers D Producers
In a given area The sum of the calories in all
of the top predators bodies is
least. The sum of the calories in all of the
producers bodies is greatest. Units of
energy are calories and joules.
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Producers are always at the bottom, then
herbivores above the plants.
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• A food pyramid represents the relative amount of
  energy in trophic levels. Which of the following
  correctly shows a food pyramid?

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• The table lists four groups of factors found in a
  particular ecosystem. Which group consists of
  only abiotic factors?
• F Group 1
• G Group 2
• H Group 3
• J Group 4

Abiotic means not alive.
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Sugar is chemical energy. It has calories and
joules.

• Which of the following is an example of solar
• energy being converted into chemical energy?
• F Plants producing sugar during the day
• G Water evaporating and condensing in the
• water cycle
• H The sun unevenly heating Earths surface
• J Lava erupting from volcanoes for many
• days

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Energy used by producers in a grassland food web
is provided by F sunlight G photosynthesis H
oxygen J carbon dioxide
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Producers are plants.
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The difference in the size of each layer of this
food pyramid is primarily the result of the
difference in F food choices of individual
niches G oceanic zones of habitat H the amount of
food energy at each trophic level J the relative
heights of the organisms
In a given area The sum of the calories in all
of the top predators bodies is
least. The sum of the calories in all of the
producers bodies is greatest. Units of
energy are calories and joules.
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Which process best shows the conversion of solar
energy to chemical energy? F Prevailing winds
causing windmills to spin G Green plants
making their own food H Uranium producing
heat to make steam J Tides generating
electricity
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Plants use the sun more efficiently than
anything known to mankind.
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In West Texas and Southern California, high winds
drive turbines that generate electricity. One
advantage that wind energy has over energy
generated from solar cells is that wind energy
A is plentiful everywhere B can be generated at
night C produces cleaner energy D is free of
environmental hazards
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Carnivore eats 500 but only keeps 50. 90 is
lost as heat from the carnivore.
50 kilocalories kept.
Herbivore eats 5000 but only keeps 500. 90 is
lost as heat from the herbivore.
500 kilocalories kept.
Plants absorb a lot of kcal from the sun. They
retain some of the kcal.
5000 kilocalories kept.
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He ate 1000 kcal
He ate 30 kcal
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Producers
He kept 100 kcal
The other 4000 kcal were eaten by something else.
He kept 3 kcal
Primary consumer
The other 70 kcal were eaten by something else.
Secondary consumer
Approximately how much of the energy available in
the tissues of the producer is eventually
incorporated into the tissues of a secondary
consumer? A Less than 1 B Between 20 and 30 C
Approximately 50 D More than 50
3 5000 x 100 .06
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• Battery-powered cars produce less air pollution
  than gasoline-powered cars. However, one
  environmental concern of using battery-powered
  cars is that batteries
• A are heavier than gasoline engines
• B waste more energy than gasoline engines
• C contain toxic substances that are difficult to
  dispose of
• D produce direct current rather than alternating
  current

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• Batteries produce electricity by means of a
  chemical reaction. Some batteries are disposable.
  The reactants of a disposable battery are
  eventually used up. At that point the battery is
  dead and can no longer be used. Other batteries
  are rechargeable. A rechargeable battery can be
  inserted into a device that uses electric current
  to convert the products of the reaction back to
  the reactants. As a result, a rechargeable
  battery can be used over and over again. What is
  an advantage of rechargeable batteries over
  disposable batteries?
• A Rechargeable batteries have a lower initial
• purchase price.
• B Rechargeable batteries produce a stronger
• electric current.
• C Rechargeable batteries result in less
• pollution of the environment.
• D Rechargeable batteries convert chemical
• energy directly to electricity.

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Which of these describes a pollution-producing pro
cess that involves only a physical change? A
Coal with a high sulfur content is
burned, producing gases that cause acid rain. B
Chlorofluorocarbons are released, changing ozone
in the upper atmosphere into oxygen. C Hot
wastewater is discharged into a lake, lowering
oxygen levels in the water. D Nitrogen oxide
emissions combine with water vapor, producing
nitric acid.
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Normal environment
Coal S Oxygen ? CO2 SO3 H2O ?
H2SO4
Hot water is added to a river
or lake.
Warmed Oxygen O2 bubbles to atmosphere.
O3 ? O2 O1 with the
Thermal pollution causes a physical change.
NO2 H2O ? HNO3
Decrease in dissolved oxygen causes fish kill.
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The diagram shows physical changes that occur in
the water cycle. Which of these shows
condensation? A Q B R C S D T
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Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Runoff
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• Tropical rain forests support the most-diverse
  plant communities on Earth. This biome has
  developed in regions near the equator that are
  characterized by abundant precipitation and the
  absence of freezing temperatures. The
  consistently warm to hot weather and abundant
  moisture promote rapid chemical weathering and
  the decay of organic matter. These processes
  produce thick, nutrient-poor soils. Plants play a
  significant role in tropical rain forests by
• A producing thick soils that promote the decay of
  organic matter
• B preventing erosion and allowing nutrients to
  accumulate in the soil
• C holding most of the available nutrients within
  their biomass
• D providing insulation and trapping heat that
  contributes to the high annual temperatures

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Which of these activities can help conserve
natural resources? F Recycling cardboard boxes G
Washing small loads of laundry H Driving large
cars J Building wooden fences
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Which of the following is most likely to cause
increases in a predator population? F Fewer
prey G A reduction in competition H More
parasites J A period of drought
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Fewer prey decreases predators.
If there are fewer hawks, there are more eagles.
More parasites to eagles means fewer eagles.
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Less rain less plants less prey less
predators.
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A person living near this pond wants to reduce
the mosquito population. The mosquito
population included in this food web could be
reduced by A planting more duckweed B catching
more minnows C removing some martin houses D
adding more shelter for frogs
To kill mosquitoes, you get more mosquito
predators.
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• Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) are leafless
  plants that lack chlorophyll. Beechdrops get
  their nourishment from the roots of beech trees,
  which reduces the amount of nutrients available
  to the trees themselves. This interaction is best
  described as
• A predatory
• B parasitic
• C commensalistic
• D mutualistic

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A hummingbird feeds on the nectar of a flowering
plant. In this process the bird gains nutrition
while spreading the plants pollen to other
flowers. The relationship between hummingbirds
and flowering plants can be described as F
commensal G predatory H parasitic J mutualistic
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Commensal means neither are harmed but only one
gets a benefit.
Flower gets pollinated, bird gets food.
Neither is harmed.
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If you want to keep a population under control,
allow its predators and parasites to be around
the pest.
After being introduced in the 1930s, the fire ant
(Solenopsis invicta) became established
throughout much of the southern United States.
One biological way to control fire ants might be
to introduce organisms that are A mutualistic
with fire ant queens B nurtured by fire ant
workers C preyed on by fire ant drones D
parasitic to fire ant larvae
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• Like most invasive species, fire ants have
• successfully migrated into new territories
• because of
• A genetic drift
• B advantageous coloration
• C lack of population control
• D mutation of genes

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• Which of these would make a species most
  susceptible to extinction?
• ?Few natural predators.
• ?Extreme specialization.
• ?Short growth cycles.
• ?Extensive migration distances.

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If bamboo goes extinct, then so does the Panda
because it is specialized to eat only bamboo.
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Which situation best represents a mutualistic
relationship? A A tapeworm absorbing nutrients
from the intestine of a dog B An orchid being
pollinated by a nectar collecting wasp C A human
losing blood to a feeding mosquito D An armadillo
rooting in the soil at the base of an oak tree
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Parasitic
Mutualism--   both species benefit Commensalism--
  one species benefits, the
other is unaffected Parasitism--   one
species benefits, the other is
harmed Competition--   neither species
benefits Neutralism--   both species are
unaffected
Parasitic
Commensalism
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• Which of the following is an example of
  mutualism?
• ? a wasp injects its eggs inside the body of a
  caterpillar. The eggs hatch and eat the
  caterpillar.
• ?A bird builds a nest in a tree.
• ?A human uses a dog to protect a flock of sheep.
  The dog is given food and shelter.
• ?A flower grows next to a bush.

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This relationship is an example of A
predation B parasitism C mutualism D commensalism
The tree is not being killed and totally consumed
(eaten.)
The ants are not hurting the tree.
The ants are benefiting and the tree is
benefiting.
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Commensalism is when only one species benefits,
neither harmed.
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Clown fish are small reef fish that seek
protection from predators by sheltering themselves
among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones.
Clown fish are very territorial and can
potentially scare off predators of sea anemones.
This relationship is an example of A
neutralism B mutualism C parasitism D commensalism
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Mutualism--   both species benefit Commensalism--
  one species benefits, the
other is unaffected Parasitism--   one
species benefits, the other is
harmed Competition--   neither species
benefits Neutralism--   both species are
unaffected
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An oakworm caterpillar feeds on the leaves of an
oak tree. This type of interaction is F
mutualistic G commensalistic H competitive J
parasitic
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• According to this food web, the relationship
• between Texas horned lizards and other
• lizards would be described best as
• A competitive
• B predatory
• C parasitic
• D mutualistic

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• Golden-cheeked warblers are an endangered
  species of bird that nest only in central Texas.
  They build their nests using bark from ash
  juniper trees and feed on spiders and insects.
  Brown-headed cowbirds sometimes lay eggs in
  warblers nests. Blue jays are known to eat young
  birds, including the golden-cheeked warblers
  offspring.
• The survival of golden-cheeked warblers would be
  most threatened by an increase in the
• A spread of a virus fatal to blue jays
• B predation of cowbirds by red-tailed hawks
• C clearing of ash juniper trees for farmland
• D local spider population because of mild winters

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• DDT is a pesticide that, beginning in the 1940s,
  was widely used to control insect pests. The use
  of DDT was banned in the United States in 1971
  because of the harmful effects it was having on
  animals other than insect pests.Which best
  describes the movement of DDT through the food
  chain shown in the diagram?
• A DDT builds up in the tissues of organisms at
  higher trophic levels.
• B The level of DDT in a population has little
  relation to its trophic level.
• C The amount of DDT transferred follows the same
  pattern as the amount of energy transferred.
• D DDT is passed from predator populations to the
  organisms on which they prey.

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Which of these groups of organisms would most
likely have accumulated the largest concentration
of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their
bodies? A Phytoplankton B Zooplankton C Lake
trout D Gulls
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