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Manifest Destiny was a term used in the 1840s to justify the United States' westward expansion into such areas as Texas, Oregon, and California. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ideas%20and%20Movements,%20ca%201840s


1
  • Ideas and Movements, ca 1840s
  • Manifest Destiny was a term used in the 1840s to
    justify the United States' westward expansion
    into such areas as Texas, Oregon, and California.
    There was a widely held underlying belief that
    Americans, the "chosen people," had a divinely
    inspired mission to spread the fruits of their
    democracy to the less fortunate (usually meaning
    Native Americans and other non-Europeans).
  • The idea of an almost religious Manifest Destiny
    was a common staple in the speeches and newspaper
    articles of the time. Most of the exponents of
    expansion were Democrats, but some Whigs (and
    later Republicans) were also supporters.
  • Manifest Destiny was later applied to American
    interests in the Caribbean and the Pacific,
    sharing much with the practice of imperialism.
  • Critics, both at that time and today, saw the
    Manifest Destiny rationale as a thinly veiled
    attempt to put an acceptable face on taking lands
    from other peoples. Motives were often described
    as well-intentioned efforts to improve the lot of
    backward masses, but in truth the motivators were
    greed and control.

2
Chp. 12 Review Notes
  • ESQ How did the policy of Manifest Destiny
    affect US Expansion?
  • Manifest Destiny possess the whole continent
    (Atlantic to Pacific)
  • Oregon Trail (1840) 5-6 month trip to western
    territory
  • Many died from disease, overwork, hunger,
    accidents
  • 1844 Election Polk (Democrat) vs. Clay (Whig)
  • Polk Fifty-four Forty or Fight slogan set
    northern latitude for Oregon
  • Clay no stand on Oregon issue lost him
    election
  • 49 latitude would become border btwn
    Oregon/Canada in 1846

3
Chp. 12 Review Notes
  • ESQ How did the addition of Texas affect US
    Expansion?
  • 4. Texas
  • Settled by Stephen Austin (1820s)
  • Tension American settlers outnumber Mexicans
    not adopt Mexican ways
  • 1830 Mexico stop U.S. immigration
  • 1833 Santa Anna President of Mexico later
    dictator (1824)
  • Alamo mission outside San Antonio (1836)
  • Texans lost but inflicted damage
  • Mar. 2, 1836 Texas independent Republic of
    Texas
  • Sept. 1836 ask for U.S. annexation
  • Jackson/Van Buren refuse upset balance btwn
    slave and free states
  • 1841 Tyler renewed debate
  • 1844 Polk pushed Texas state Dec. 29, 1845

4
Chp. 12 Review Notes
  • ESQ How did the addition more western lands
    affect US Expansion?
  • 5. New Mexico Territory
  • Part of Mexico, largely governed by themselves
  • New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, parts of Colorado,
    Utah
  • 6. California
  • Colonized by missionaries 1760s
  • 1821 state in Mexican nation
  • 1833 mission system established
  • 1840s Americans settlers enter territory
  • Polk offered to buy California and New Mexico
    from Mexico refused
  • U.S. would take later by force

5
Chp. 12 Review Notes
  • ESQ How did the conflict with Mexico affect
    Manifest Destiny?
  • 7. War with Mexico
  • May 1846 U.S. declare war with Mexico
  • Polk plan one section at a time
  • Feb. 1847 secure Texas border
  • Aug. 1846 secure New Mexico Territory
  • July 1846-47 annex California
  • Sept. 1847 U. S. take Mexico City
  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb. 1848)
  • Mexico give up Texas, Rio Grande as border, gave
    Calif/New Mexico to U.S.
  • Gadsden Purchase (1853) 10 million to Mexico
    (U.S. mainland reached present size)

6
Chp. 12 Review Notes
  • ESQ How did the discovery of Gold affect western
    expansion?
  • 8. Gold Rush
  • 1848-1849 California forty-niners
  • Boomtowns overnight communities grew
  • Ghost towns communities abandoned
  • More than doubled worlds gold supply
  • Few forty-niners found lasting wealth
  • 9. California population
  • 1848 approx. 20,000 by 1852 approx. 220,000
  • President Zachary Taylor urge Calif. apply for
    statehood
  • Debate over slave/free state
  • Congress compromise Calif. enter as free state
    African Americans cant vote
  • 1850 California became a state (free states
    outnumber slave states)

7
Chp. 12 Review Notes
  • ESQ How did the addition of Utah affect western
    expansion?
  • 10. Utah
  • Religious refuge (Mormons)
  • 1846 approx. 12,000 Mormons migrate to Great
    Salt Lake
  • Single largest migration in American history
  • 1850 Congress established Utah Territory
  • President Millard Fillmore appoint Bringham Young
    as governor
  • 1896 Utah gained statehood

8
Chp. 12 Notes
  • Ticket Out the Door (3-2-1)
  • On the paper provided write the following
  • 3 facts about Manifest Destiny
  • 2 things youve learned about the US in the
    1840s
  • 1- question you have about this time period in US
    history.

9
  • I didn't know I was a slave until I found out I
    couldn't do the things I wanted.
  • -Frederick Douglass
  • 1. Who was Frederick
  • Douglass?
  • 2. What did he mean by
  • this statement?
  • 3. What inferences can you
  • make about his life based
  • on this statement?

10
Chp. 13 Review Notes
  • THE NORTH
  • 1.Norths Economy mainly technology, industry
  • 2. 3 Phases of Industry
  • a. manufacturing divided tasks
  • b. factories for specialized workers
  • c. factories use machines (water power)
  • 3. Mass Production
  • a. Elias Howe 1843 sewing machine
  • b. 1860 74,000 factories 2/3 U.S.
    manufactured goods

11
Chp. 13 Review Notes
  • ESQ
  • 4. Transportation
  • a. steamboats/ships 1807 Robert Fulton,
    changed river travel
  • b . cheaper/quicker
  • c. 1860 3,000 steamboats on major rivers
  • d. clipper ships 1840s sail 300mi/day ex.
    Flying Cloud
  • e. locomotives early stages connected mines to
    rivers, pulled by horses
  • f. 1829 Rocket 1st steam powered locomotive
    (Britain)
  • g. Railway Network
  • 1. 1840 U.S. 3000 miles of track
  • 2. 1860 U.S. 31,000 miles of track
    (North/Midwest)
  • a. NYC-------Buffalo, Phila.---------Pittsburg
    h
  • h. Canals
  • 1. Erie Canal (1825)
  • 2. goods traveled faster/cheaper prices down

12
Chp. 13 Review Notes
  • ESQ
  • 5. Communication
  • a. telegraph electric signals transmit messages
  • b. Morse Code series dots/dashes represent
    alphabet
  • c. Samuel Morse American inventor 1st to send
    telegraph message
  • d. 1860 U.S. 50,000 miles of telegraph lines
  • f. 1846 Richard Hoe steam cylinder rotary
    press newspapers
  • 6. Agriculture improvements
  • a. steel-tipped plow John Deere 1837
  • b. mechanical reaper thresher
  • c. Cyrus McCormick patented reaper in 1834
  • f. North stays focused on Industry

13
Chp. 13 Review Notes
  • ESQ
  • 7. Northern Factories
  • a. early 1800s factory system Lowell,
    Massachusetts
  • b. working conditions bad------worse (11.4
    hr/day 1840)
  • c. trade unions group of workers w/same
    skill/trade
  • d. strikes refusing to work (1800 illegal, 1842
    MA 1st state legal)
  • e. African American workers
  • 1. prejudice unfair opinion not based on fact
  • 2. discrimination unfair treatment of
    individual/group
  • 3. 1820 almost zero slavery in North
    segregation common
  • f. Women workers paid less than men, excluded
    from unions

14
Chp. 13 Review Notes
  • ESQ
  • 8. Rise of Cities
  • a. location of factories jobs population
    rise
  • b. 1840 14 population in North cities (1860
    26)
  • c. 1860 NYC (largest) 1 million Philly
    500,000
  • d. dangerous/difficult living conditions
  • 9. Immigration 1840-1860 dramatic rise
  • a. immigrants long hours/low pay
  • b. largest group from Ireland
  • c. brought language, culture, religion to
    America
  • d. nativists people opposed to immigration
  • 10. New Political Party American Party (1850s)
    Know-Nothing Party
  • a. secret anti-Catholic Society strict
    citizenship laws

15
  • Knowledge makes a man unfit to be a slave. ?
    Frederick Douglass
  • What does this mean?
  • Why is knowledge so important?

16
Chp. 13 Review Notes
  • ESQ How did the development of the South differ
    from the development of the North?
  • THE SOUTH
  • 1.Upper South Maryland, Virginia, North
    Carolina
  • 2. Deep South Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama,
    Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas
  • 3. Cotton Kingdom slave labor
  • 4. Cotton Gin 1793 Eli Whitney
  • a. removed seeds from cotton fibers
  • b. could produce more cotton per day of
    slaves UP profit UP

17
Chp. 13 Review Notes
  • ESQ What affect did industry have on the
    development of the South?
  • 5. Industry
  • a. limited role in economy agriculture rural
  • b. barriers to industry
  • 1. cotton sales UP profit
  • 2. lack of capital () to develop industries
  • 3. smaller market for manufactured goods
  • 4. southerners did not want industry
  • 6. Southern Factories
  • a. William Gregg 1844 textile factory in South
    Carolina

18
Chp. 13 Review Notes
  • ESQ How did changes in transportation affect the
    development of the South?
  • 7. Transportation
  • a. natural waterways to transport goods
  • b. towns along coasts/rivers roads poor
  • c. short/local railroads did not connect
    region (1860 1/3 RR in South)
  • 8. Small Farmers/Rural Poor
  • a. 4 categories of Southern people
    yeomen(largest group), tenant farmers, rural
    poor, plantation owners

19
Chp. 13 Review Notes
  • ESQ How did slavery affect the development of
    the South?
  • 9. Plantations
  • a. several thousand acres measured wealth by
    of slaves
  • 10. Life Under Slavery
  • a. hard work 0 and zero hope for freedom
  • b. field hands work sun up to sun down, age 10
    ready to work
  • c. family life no laws for protection sold at
    any time
  • d. 1808 Congress outlawed slave trade (practice
    of slavery was still legal in south)
  • e. slave codes laws in South to control slaves
    (1700s)
  • f. Underground Railroad network of people
    against slavery safe route to North

20
Chp. 13 Review Notes
  • 11. Southern Cities 1860 Baltimore 212,000
    New Orleans 168,000 population
  • a. Free African Americans approx. 250,000
    population in southern cities
  • 1. in cities segregated communities
  • b. 1830-1860 laws in south passed to limit
    personal rights

21
Slave Narratives
  • Answer the following questions in your
    composition book based on the narrative that you
    read. Please use POQ for each answer.
  • Who did you read about?
  • Approximately how old was the person you read
    about?
  • From the narrative, how much formal education, if
    any, do you think your person had? Explain your
    choice.
  • Describe the story you read what does the
    person tell you about their life?
  • Choose at least one specific piece of text
    write it down then explain what it means.
  • What did you learn about the experiences of
    slaves from reading your narrative?

22
  • Cautious, careful people, always casting about
    to preserve their reputations... can never effect
    a reform.
  • Susan B. Anthony
  • What does she mean by this statement?
  • Why does she think cautious people cant change
    anything?

23
  • 12. Social Reform
  • a. utopias communities based on a vision of a
    perfect society
  • 1. 1825 Robert Owen, New Harmony, Indiana
    village dedicated to cooperation rather than
    competition among members
  • b. Second Great Awakening early 1800s wave of
    religious enthusiasm, included revivals
    meetings of people from all areas listening to
    preachers, praying, singing etc. about social
    reform
  • c. temperance drinking little or no alcohol
  • 1. Lyman Beecher Connecticut preacher
    crusader against alcohol
  • 2. temperance movement - gained support 1851
    Mass. passed law banning alcohol

24
  • d. Education Reform
  • 1. Horace Mann lawyer became the head of Mass.
    Board of Education in 1837 longer school year,
    improvements in curriculum, better training/pay
    for teachers
  • 2. 1850s 3 basic principles of public
    education 1) free/supported by taxes 2)teachers
    should be trained 3)children should be required
    to attend
  • 3. Higher Education many colleges/universities
    created
  • 4. Dorthea Dix teacher visited prisons 1841
    found poor conditions many prisoners not guilty
    of a crime but mentally ill
  • e. Transcendentalists stressed the
    relationship between humans and nature as well
    as the importance of the individual conscience
  • 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau
    -writers
  • 2. Thoreau civil disobedience refusing to
    obey laws he felt were unjust
  • 3. Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Toms Cabin
    novelinjustice of slavery

25
  • 13. Abolitionists
  • a. Abolitionists reformers who worked to end
    slavery
  • 1. Constitutional Convention 1787 compromise
    each state decide
  • b. American Colonization Society formed in
    1816 worked to free slaves by buying them and
    sending them back to Africa (Liberia colony
    then country in 1847 12,000) or to the
    Caribbean
  • c. William Lloyd Garrison 1831 founded The
    Liberantor antislavery newspaper in Boston
  • d. Sarah and Angelina Grimke born in SC to
    slaveholding family moved to Philly 1832
  • e. Frederick Douglass self taught read/write
    escaped slavery in Maryland 1838 joined
    Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society traveled
    speaking about ending slavery
  • f. Sojourner Truth AKA Isabella Baumfree
    escaped in 1826 gained official freedom in 1827
    when NY banned slavery abolitionist and
    advocate for womens rights

26
  • 14. Underground Railroad
  • a. UGRR network of escape routes for runaway
    slaves from South to North
  • b. Popularity of Railroad used terms as code
    ex. conductor helpers/guides Harriet Tubman
    one of the most famous conductors
  • c. Songs/Spirituals had hidden meanings
    Follow the Drinkin Gourd
  • d. Opposition many people (N and S) saw
    antislavery movements as threats to the nations
    economy

27
  • Men, their rights, and nothing more women,
    their rights, and nothing less. -Susan B.
    Anthony
  • What does this mean?
  • Suffrage is the pivotal right. - Susan B.
    Anthony
  • What is suffrage?
  • Why does she think it is such an important right
    for women?

28
  • 15. Womens Movement
  • a. Lucretia Mott Quaker fought for equal
    rights
  • b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton abolitionists joined
    Mott in fight for equal rights
  • c. Seneca Falls Convention July 1848 Seneca
    Falls, NY womens rights convention
  • 1. Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
  • a. end all laws that discriminated against women
  • b. demanded women be allowed to enter trades,
    professions, businesses
  • c. suffrage fighting for the right to vote
  • d. Susan B. Anthony Quaker abolitionist from
    NY worked for womens rights/temperance college
    training and coeducation teaching boys and
    girls together
  • e. Elizabeth Blackwell turned down by 20
    schools before being accepted to Geneva College
    to study medicine
  • f. Some gains of the movement
  • 1. marriage/property laws women could own
    property after marriage in several states
  • 2. share guardianship of children in several
    states
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