Periodic Table of Elements how it is arranged how it is used

1
Periodic Table of Elementshow it is arrangedhow
it is used

• Science Standard
• Use the periodic table as a model to predict the
  properties of elements based on patterns of the
  electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms
• Learning Target
• Identify patterns in how the elements are
  arranged on the periodic table

2
How many protons are there? How many electrons
are there? How many neutrons are there?
3
Why is the atomic mass not whole number?
4

• What is the same and what is different about
  these atoms?

5

• What is the same and what is different about
  these atoms?

There are the same number or protons There are
different numbers of neutrons These are all
lithium atoms but they do not all weigh the same
6

• Isotopes

There are the same number or protons There are
different numbers of neutrons These are all
lithium atoms but they do not all weigh the same
7
What is the same and what is different about
these atoms?

• What are these atoms?

8
Draw a model of a sodium atom
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Valence Electrons

• Electrons on the last energy shell (or ring)
• Can be no more than 8 electrons

There is one valence electron
10
Determine the number of valence electrons for
Carbon - C
11
Determine the number of shells and the number of
valence electrons for
Carbon - C
2 shells
4 valence electrons
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12
Ne
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
Neon
2 shells
8 valence electrons
13
Determine the number of shells and the number of
valence electrons for
H
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
14
H
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
Hydrogen
1 shell
1 valence electron
15
Determine the number of shells and the number of
valence electrons for
Be
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
16
Be
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
Beryllium
2 shells
2 valence electrons
17
Determine the number of shells and the number of
valence electrons for
S
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
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S
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
Sulfur
3 shells
6 valence electrons
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Periodic Table of Elementshow it is arrangedhow
it is used

• Science Standard
• Use the periodic table as a model to predict the
  properties of elements based on patterns of the
  electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms
• Learning Target
• Identify patterns in how the elements are
  arranged on the periodic table

20

• Mendeleev's Original Table

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Periodic Table

• Group vertical column of elements (family)
• Period horizontal row of elements

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Periods

• Each row is called a period

• The elements in each period have the same number
  of shells

1st Period 1 Shell
2nd Period 2 Shells
3rd Period 3 Shells
4th Period 4 Shells
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Groups
Group 8 8 electrons
Group 1 1 electron
Except for He, it has 2 electrons
Group 2 2 electrons

• Each column is called a group

3, 4, 5, 6, 7

• Each element in a group has the same number of
  electrons in their outer orbital, also known as
  shells.

• The electrons in the outer shell are called
  valence electrons

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Transition Metals

• Transition Metals have slightly different rules
  for shells and valence electrons.

• This is something you will learn about in High
  School Chemistry.

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Lewis Structures

1. Find your element on the periodic table.
2. Determine the number of valence electrons.
3. This is how many electrons you will draw.

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Lewis Structures

• Find out which group (column) your element is in.
• This will tell you the number of valence
  electrons your element has.
• You will only draw the valence electrons.

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Groups - Review
Group 8 8 electrons
Group 1 1 electron
Except for He, it has 2 electrons
Group 2 2 electrons

• Each column is called a group

3, 4, 5, 6, 7

• Each element in a group has the same number of
  electrons in their outer orbital, also known as
  shells.

• The electrons in the outer shell are called
  valence electrons

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Lewis Structures

1. Write the element symbol.
2. Carbon is in the 4th group, so it has 4 valence
   electrons.
3. Starting at the right, draw 4 electrons, or dots,
   counter-clockwise around the element symbol.

C
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Lewis Structures

1. Check your work.
2. Using your periodic table, check that Carbon is
   in the 4th group.
3. You should have 4 total electrons, or dots, drawn
   in for Carbon.

C
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Lewis Structures

• On your worksheet, try these elements on your
  own
• H
• P
• Ca
• Ar
• Cl
• Al

C
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Lewis Structures

• On your worksheet, try these elements on your
  own
• H
• P
• Ca
• Ar
• Cl
• Al

H
32
Lewis Structures

• On your worksheet, try these elements on your
  own
• H
• P
• Ca
• Ar
• Cl
• Al

P
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Lewis Structures

• On your worksheet, try these elements on your
  own
• H
• P
• Ca
• Ar
• Cl
• Al

Ca
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Lewis Structures

• On your worksheet, try these elements on your
  own
• H
• P
• Ca
• Ar
• Cl
• Al

Ar
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Lewis Structures

• On your worksheet, try these elements on your
  own
• H
• P
• Ca
• Ar
• Cl
• Al

Cl
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Lewis Structures

• On your worksheet, try these elements on your
  own
• H
• P
• Ca
• Ar
• Cl
• Al

Al
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Periodic Groups and Trends
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Periodic Table

• Group vertical column of elements (family)
• Period horizontal row of elements

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Activity get out your black and white copy of
the periodic table.
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On one side, color and label the metals,
nonmetals, and metalloids. Another name for
metalloid is semi-metal.
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Color and label the groups/families of elements
on the other side of your paper. Remember to
create a legend.
noble gases
Transition metals
alkali metals
halogens
alkaline earth metals
lanthanides
actinides
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Coloring the Periodic Table Families

• Some images are from www.chem4kids.com
• www.middleschoolscience.com 2008

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Families on the Periodic Table

• Elements on the periodic table can be grouped
  into families bases on their chemical properties.
• Each family has a specific name to differentiate
  it from the other families in the periodic table.

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ALKALI METALS

• Group 1
• Hydrogen is not a member, it is a non-metal
• 1 electron in the outer shell
• Soft and silvery metals
• Very reactive, esp. with water
• Conduct electricity

Image http//www.learner.org/interactives/periodi
c/groups2.html
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ALKALINE EARTH METALS

• Group 2
• 2 electrons in the outer shell
• White and malleable
• Reactive, but less than Alkali metals
• Conduct electricity

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TRANSITION METALS

• Groups in the middle
• Good conductors of heat and electricity.
• Some are used for jewelry.
• The transition metals are able to put up to 32
  electrons in their second to last shell.
• Can bond with many elements in a variety of
  shapes.

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BORON FAMILY

• Group 3
• 3 electrons in the outer shell
• Most are metals
• Boron is a metalloid

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CARBON FAMILY

• Group 4
• 4 electrons in the outer shell
• Contains metals, metalloids, and a non-metal
  Carbon (C)

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NITROGEN FAMILY

• Group 5
• 5 electrons in the outer shell
• Can share electrons to form compounds
• Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals

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OXYGEN FAMILY

• Group 6
• 6 electrons in the outer shell
• Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals
• Reactive

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Halogens

• Group 7
• 7 electrons in the outer shell
• All are non-metals
• Very reactive are often bonded with elements from
  Group 1

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Noble Gases

• Group 8
• Exist as gases
• Non-metals
• 8 electrons in the outer shell Full
• Helium (He) has only 2 electrons in the outer
  shell Full
• Not reactive with other elements

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Rare Earth Metals

• Some are Radioactive
• The rare earths are silver, silvery-white, or
  gray metals.
• Conduct electricity

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Write your answers on your handout.
K
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
55
Write your answers on your handout.
K
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
Potassium
4 shells
1 valence electron
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Potassium
57
Write your answers on your handout.
He
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
58
Write your answers on your handout.
He
Name the element. Number of shells ? Valence
electrons ?
Helium
1st Period 1 shell
8th Group 2 valence electrons

• Helium is the exception in Group 8.
• Since it has just one shell, that shell can only
  fit 2 electrons instead of 8.
• It is in this group because all the elements
  have a full outer shell.