Unit 11: Intelligence (Cognition)

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Unit 11 Intelligence (Cognition)

• Essential Task 11.2 Compare and contrast
  historic and contemporary theories of
  intelligence with specific attention to general
  intelligence, triarchic theory,
  crystallized/fluid intelligence,
  multiple intelligences, emotional intelligence. 

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General Intelligence

• Theorist Charles Spearman (1904)
• Also called g factor
• According to Spearman, this g factor was
  responsible for overall performance on mental
  ability tests.

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General Intelligence

• How did he prove it? Spearman used factor
  analysis to find correlations among tests of
  different cognitive tasks.
• Technical definition The g factor is a variable
  that summarizes positive correlations among
  different cognitive tasks, reflecting the fact
  that an individual's performance at one type of
  cognitive task tends to be comparable to his or
  her performance at other kinds of cognitive
  tasks.
• Huh? If you are good at an intelligent task, you
  will be good at many things.

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Triarchic theory(Also known as Sternbergs Three
Intelligences)

• Theorist Robert J. Sternberg (1985)
• More of a cognitive look at intelligence rather
  than a psychometric focus.
• Sternbergs theory of intelligence is made up of
  three parts
• Analytic
• Creative
• Practical

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Triarchic Theory Analytic

• Academic problem solving skills
• similar to the standard psychometric definition
  of intelligence
• e.g. as measured by Academic problem solving
  analogies and puzzles, and corresponds to his
  earlier componential intelligence.
• Sternberg considers this reflects how an
  individual relates to his internal world.

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Triarchic Theory Creative

• insights, synthesis and the ability to react to
  novel situations and stimuli.
• Sternberg considers this the Experiential aspect
  of intelligence and reflects how an individual
  connects the internal world to external reality.

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Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence

• (a) adaptation to the environment in order to
  have goals met
• (b) changing the environment in order to have
  goals met
• (c) or, if (a) and (b) don't work moving to a new
  environment In which goals can be met
•  People with this type of intelligence can adapt
  to, or shape their environment.

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Crystallized vs. Fluid Intelligence

• Theorist R. B. Cattell (1971)
• Identified two clusters of mental abilities
• Crystallized intelligence ones lifetime of
  intellectual achievement, as demonstrated largely
  through one's vocabulary and general knowledge
• Fluid intelligence the capacity to think
  logically and solve problems in novel situations,
  independent of acquired knowledge.
• Crystalized intelligence increases with age while
  fluid intelligence decreases in old age.

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Multiple Intelligences

• Theorist Howard Gardner 1980s
• the extent to which humans possess different
  kinds of minds and therefore learn, remember,
  perform, and understand in different ways
• 8 Intelligences

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Multiple Intelligences

• 1. Naturalist Intelligence (Nature Smart)
• 2. Musical Intelligence (Musical Smart)
• 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
  (Number/Reasoning Smart)
• 4. Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart)
• 5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Body Smart)
• 6. Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart)
• 7. Intra-personal Intelligence (Self Smart)
• 8. Spatial Intelligence (Picture Smart)

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What are your intelligences? Lets find
out!Complete a Multiple Intelligences Survey
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Assessing Intelligence
Psychologists define intelligence testing as a
method for assessing an individuals mental
aptitudes and comparing them with others using
numerical scores.
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WAIS
WAIS (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale) measures
overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related
to intelligence that are designed to assess
clinical and educational problems.
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Principles of Test Construction
For a psychological test to be acceptable it must
fulfill the following three criteria

1. Standardization
2. Reliability
3. Validity

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Standardization
Standardizing a test involves administering the
test to a representative sample of future test
takers in order to establish a basis for
meaningful comparison.
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Normal Curve
Standardized tests establish a normal
distribution of scores on a tested population in
a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve.
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Reliability
A test is reliable when it yields consistent
results. To establish reliability researchers
establish different procedures

1. Split-half Reliability Dividing the test into
   two equal halves and assessing how consistent the
   scores are.
2. Test-Retest Reliability Using the same test on
   two occasions to measure consistency.

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Validity
Reliability of a test does not ensure validity.
Validity of a test refers to what the test is
supposed to measure or predict.

1. Content Validity Refers to the extent a test
   measures a particular behavior or trait.
2. Predictive Validity Refers to the function of a
   test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.

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Extremes of Intelligence
A valid intelligence test divides two groups of
people into two extremes the mentally retarded
(IQ 70) and individuals with high intelligence
(IQ 135). These two groups are significantly
different.
Intellectual Disability
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High Intelligence
Contrary to popular belief, people with high
intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well
adjusted, and unusually successful academically.

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Intellectual Disability
Individuals who have an intellectual disability
required constant supervision a few decades ago,
but with a supportive family environment and
special education they can now care for
themselves.
AN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Intellectual Disability
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Flynn Effect
In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have
risen steadily by an average of 27 points. This
phenomenon is known as the Flynn effect.
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW of Emotional Intelligence

• 1990 Salovey Mayer coin term emotional
  intelligence
• it is an intelligence that involves the ability
  to monitor ones own and others feelings and
  emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use
  this information to guide ones thinking and
  action.
• 1995 - Daniel Goleman publishes Emotional
  Intelligence.

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GOLMANS THEORY

• THE BRAIN HAS EMOTIONAL ARCHITECTURE
• Limbic structures generate feelings emotions
• Reptilian brain downshift
• as the amygdala performs
• neural hijacking

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COMPONENTS OF E.I.

• Self-Awareness
• Self-Management or trustworthiness
• Motivation or resilience
• Empathy or recognizing emotions in others
• Social skills or handling relationships

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COMPONENTS OF E. I.

• FIRST THREE ARE PERSONAL
• SELF-AWARENESS
• SELF-REGULATION
• MOTIVATION
• LAST TWO ARE SOCIAL
• EMPATHY
• SOCIAL SKILL

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SELF-AWARENESS

• THE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE AND UNDERSTAND YOUR
  MOODS, EMOTIONS, AND DRIVES, AS WELL AS THEIR
  EFFECTS ON OTHERS
• Do I know how Im
• coming off in this
• situation?

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SELF-REGULATION

• THE ABILITY TO CONTROL OR REDIRECT DISRUPTING
  IMPULSES AND MOODS OR THE ABILITY TO SUSPEND
  JUDGMENT TO THINK BEFORE ACTING.

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SELF-REGULATION

• ABILITY TO
• RELAX
• MANAGE STRESS
• CONTROL MOODS
• RECOVER FROM EMOTIONAL UPSET MORE QUICKLY
• EMPLOY THE 6 SECOND PAUSE

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SELF-REGULATION

• PEOPLE WHO SELF-REGULATE
• CREATE AN ATMOSPHERE OF TRUST AND FAIRNESS
• REDUCE EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY IN ENVIRONMENT

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MOTIVATION

• A PASSION TO WORK FOR REASONS THAT GO BEYOND
  MONEY OR STATUS
• JOB CAPABILITIES
• Achievement drive
• Commitment
• Initiative
• Optimism

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EMPATHY

• THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE EMOTIONAL MAKE-UP
  OF OTHER PEOPLE.

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EMPATHY

• Qualities
• ABILITY TO TAKE OTHERS PERSPECTIVE
• CARING ATTITUDE
• CAN BETTER READ VERBAL NONVERBAL CUES
• ATTUNED TO NEEDS EMOTIONS OF OTHERS

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EMPATHY

• EMPATHY BUILDS ON SELF-AWARENESS.
• THE MORE OPEN WE ARE TO OUR OWN EMOTIONS, THE
  MORE SKILLED WE ARE IN READING OTHERS EMOTIONS

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SOCIAL SKILLS

• PROFICIENCY IN MANAGING RELATIONSHIPS AND
  BUILDING NETWORKS.
• Using your empathetic knowledge

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ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS

• Work Profile QuestionnaireE I Version
• Emotional Competence Inventory 360
• Emotional Intelligence Appraisal
• Baron Emotional Quotient Inventory
• Mayer-Salovey-Caruso-EI Test

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What is your Emotional Quotient?

• Lets find out!