Energy and Waste Chapters 15, 16, and 22 Living in the Environment, 11th Edition, Miller

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NONRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
CH. 17
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17- 1. Energy Resources 17-2. Oil 17-3. Natural
Gas 17-4. Coal 17-5. Nuclear Energy
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ENERGY SOURCES
Primary Energy Resources The fossil fuels
(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling
water, geothermal, and solar energy. Secondary
Energy Resources Those sources which are
derived from primary resources such as
electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural
gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol
fuels.
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NONREWABLES vs. RENEWABLES

• Nonrenewable Energy Source (Finite)
  exhaustible Resource exist in a fixed amount
  Will not replenish itself within a normal human
  life span (more like millions to billions of
  years) all fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and
  coal), nuclear energy- uranium (Ch. 17)
• Renewable Energy source (Infinite) Source can
  replenish rapidly (hours to decades) through
  natural processes wood, hydropower, solar, wind,
  geothermal, tidal (Ch. 18)

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Changes in U.S. Energy Use
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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Energy resources removed from the earths crust
include oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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FOSSIL FUELS

• originated from the decay of living organisms
  millions of years ago, and account for about 80
  of the energy generated in the U.S.
• The fossil fuels used in energy generation are
• Natural gas, which is 70 - 80 methane (CH4)
• Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the
  distillation of petroleum
• Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a
  H/C ratio of about 1

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PROBLEMS WITH FOSSIL FUELS

• Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
• At projected consumption rates, natural gas and
  petroleum will be depleted before the end of the
  21st century
• Coal 400 years
• Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of
  pollution
• Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of
  CO2, which contributes to global warming

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Energy Concepts and the Laws of THERMODYNAMICS

• The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things
  about converting heat energy from steam to work
• The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100
  efficient because a portion of the heat is
  wasted.
• 2) The efficiency of converting heat to work
  increases as the heat temperature increases.

Bozeman Energy concept video
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ENERGY UNITS

• Energy Units
• Joules (J), Calories (cal), British thermal unit
  (Btu) and kilowatt hour (kWh), measured of
  watt/time
• Power Units
• Watt (W) joules/sec (rate)
• Horsepower (hp)

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EVALUATING ENERGY RESOURCES

• U.S. has 4.6 of world population uses 24 of
  the worlds energy
• 84 from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal,
  natural gas)
• 7 from nuclear power
• 9 from renewable sources (hydropower,
  geothermal, solar, biomass).

Bozeman Energy CONSUMPTION video (did not see in
class)
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17- 1. Energy Resources 17-2. Oil 17-3. Natural
Gas 17-4. Coal 17-5. Nuclear Energy
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OIL
Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within
the earth's crust and can be extracted by
drilling a well Crude oil complex liquid
mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S,
O, N impurities Formation of oil animation
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Sources of Oil

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67 world reserves
• Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
  Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
  United Arab Emirates, Venezuela
• Other important producers Alaska, Siberia,
  Mexico.

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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Oil in U.S.

• 2.3 of world reserves
• 65 for transportation
• increasing dependence on imports.
• Google Earth visuals of oil consumption by country

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Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth,
they have discouraged / prevented improvements in
energy efficiency and alternative technologies
favoring renewable resources. Current cost of
crude oil
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Petroleum Extraction Methods

• Deep well drilling (land or off shore)
• Hydraulic Fracking oil shale or Tar sands
• Fracking and cost of gas
• Tar sands have to be refined into oil

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Current Events Case Study- Canadian Tar Sands
and Keystone XL Pipeline
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OIL
Crude oil is transported to a refinery where
distillation produces petrochemicals
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Animation
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Ocean Oil Pollution

• Human activities on land.
• Oil tanker spills Exxon Valdez (March 24, 1989)
  
• Twice as much oil is leaked from shore activities
  than tanker spills.
• Normal operation of off-shore wells, washing oil
  tankers and releasing oily water,
  loading/unloading oil tankers, and leaks from oil
  pipelines, refineries, and storage tanks are all
  responsible.
• Almost half of oil reaching the ocean is from
  being dumped on the ground, poured down the
  drain, spilled, or leaked onto land/sewers by
  cities, industries, and people changing their
  motor oil.

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THE EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION ON ECOSYSTEMS

• Depend on a number of factors
• Type of Oil
• Crude Oil- marine life recovers within about 3
  yrs.
• Refined Oil- marine life recovers can take 10-15
  yrs.
• Type of Aquatic System (open ocean, estuary, etc)
  
• Amount Released
• Distance of Release from Shore
• Time of Year/ Weather Conditions/ Average Water
  Temperature Ocean Currents
• Heavy oil components that sink to the ocean floor
  or wash into estuaries can smother
  bottom-dwelling organisms. (crabs, oysters,
  mussels, and clams)

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Water Pollution Solutions Oil Spill Clean Up
Lab

• Mechanical Methods
• floating booms to contain the oil spill or keep
  it from reaching sensitive areas
• skimmer boats to vacuum up some of the oil into
  collection barges
• absorbent devices such as large mesh pillows
  filled with feathers or hair to soak up oil on
  beach on beaches or in waters too shallow for
  skimmer boats.
• Chemical Methods
• Coagulating agents to cause floating oil to clump
  together for easier pickup or to sink to the
  bottom (less harmful)
• Dispersing agents to break up oil slicks (damage
  some organisms)
• Fire can burn off floating oil (crude oil hard to
  ignite, and produces air pollution)
• Biological Methods
• In which cocktails of oil eating bacteria are
  sprayed to break it down into chemicals or that
  disperse harmlessly into the sea.
• Cheaper and may be more effective than other
  cleanup methods.

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1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
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Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel

• Mixture
• 5090 Methane (CH4)
• Ethane (C2H6)
• Propane (C3H8)
• Butane (C4H10)
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

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Sources of Natural Gas

• Russia Kazakhstan - almost 40 of world's
  supply.
• Iran (15), Qatar (5), Saudi Arabia (4),
  Algeria (4), United States (3), Nigeria (3),
  Venezuela (3)
• 9095 of natural gas in U.S. domestic (411,000
  km 255,000 miles of pipeline).

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billion cubic metres
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NATURAL GAS
Experts predict increased use of natural gas
during this century
Kansas city owned cars run on natural gas
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NATURAL GAS
When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and
butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) The rest of the gas (mostly
methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into
pressurized pipelines for distribution Liquefied
natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated
tanker ships Hydraulic Fracking Animation Coal
Fracking
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1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
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COAL

• Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical
  formula cannot be written for it.
• Coalification After plants died they underwent
  chemical decay to form a product known as peat
• Over many years, thick peat layers formed.
• Peat is converted to coal by geological events
  such as land subsidence which subject the peat to
  great pressures and temperatures.

www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem20103/chap_12.ppt
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RANKS OF COAL
Lignite A brownish-black coal of low quality
Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.
Subbituminous Black lignite, Energy content is
8,300 BTU/lb. Bituminous most common coal is
dense and black (Energy content about 10,500 Btu
/ lb. Anthracite A hard, black lustrous coal,
often referred to as hard coal, Energy content
of about 14,000 Btu/lb. Animation of how coal
is formed
www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist20295/
Powerpoint5CCoal.ppt
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MAIN COAL DEPOSITS
www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem20103/chap_12.ppt
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SULFUR IN COAL

• When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily
  as sulfur dioxide
• (SO2 - serious pollutant)
• Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from
  coal include cleaning, solvent refining,
  gasification, and liquefaction. Scrubbers are
  installed at tops of factory exhaust pipes to
  trap SO2 when coal is burned. (Clean Air Act of
  1970)
• Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS2 or
  CaSO4) and organic (sulfur bound to carbon)

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COAL

• Coal gasification ? Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
• Coal liquefaction ? Liquid fuels

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• High environmental impact air pollution-black
  lung disease

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• Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and
  nuclear power.

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ACID MINE DRAINAGE Sulfur in coal mixes with
water to form sulfuric acid
The impact of mine drainage on a lake after
receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings
impoundment for over 50 years
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Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment.
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MINE EFFLUENT DISCHARGING FROM THE BOTTOM OF A
WASTE ROCK PILE
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1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
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NUCLEAR ENERGY

• The process in a conventional nuclear power
  plant
• A controlled nuclear fission chain reaction
• Heats water
• Produce high-pressure steam
• Cause turbines to turn
• Generates electricity

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Nuclear Energy

• Controlled Fission Chain Reaction
• neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as
  Uranium or Plutonium
• release energy (heat)

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URANIUM
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Controlled Nuclear Fission Reaction
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Radioactivity

• Radioactive decay continues until the original
  isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is
  not radioactive.
• Radioactivity Nuclear changes in which unstable
  (radioactive) isotopes emit particles energy

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Radioactivity

• Types of radiation
• Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2
  neutrons, and therefore are positively charged
• Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)
• Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form
  of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)
• Sources of natural radiation
• Soil
• Rocks
• Air
• Water
• Cosmic rays

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Half-Life
The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a
radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to
form a different isotope. Half-time emitted
Uranium-235 710 million yrs alpha,
gamma Plutonium-239 24,000 yrs alpha,
gamma During operation, nuclear power plants
produce radioactive wastes, including some that
remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years.
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Effects of Radiation

• Genetic damages from mutations in DNA.
• Genetic defects can become apparent in the next
  generation or future generations.
• Somatic damages to tissue, such as burns,
  miscarriages cancers.

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Radioactive Waste

• 1. Low-level radiation
• Sources nuclear power plants, hospitals
  universities
• 1940 1970 most was dumped into the ocean
• Today- bury in deep layers of land
• 2. High-level radiation
• Fuel rods from nuclear power plants
• No agreement about a safe method of storage

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Radioactive Waste

• 1. Bury it deep underground.
• Problems i.e. earthquake, groundwater
• 2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.
• Problems costs, accident would affect large
  area.
• 3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.
• Problems long-term stability of ice is not
  known, global warming
• 4. Most likely plan for the US
• Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada
• Cost of over 50 billion
• 160 miles from Las Vegas
• Transportation across the country via train
  truck

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Yucca Mountain
www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
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Nuke UsArticle Forbes Magazine 1/25/12
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PLUTONIUM BREEDING
238U is the most plentiful isotope of
Uranium Non-fissionable - useless as
fuel Reactors can be designed to convert 238U
into a fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239Pu
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REPROCESS NUCLEAR FUEL

• During the operation of a nuclear reactor the
  uranium runs out
• Accumulating fission products hinder the proper
  function of a nuclear reactor
• Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year

www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
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PLUTONIUM IN SPENT FUEL

• Spent nuclear fuel contains many newly formed
  plutonium atoms
• Miss out on the opportunity to split
• Plutonium in nuclear waste can be separated from
  fission products and uranium
• Cleaned Plutonium can be used in a different
  Nuclear Reactor

www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
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TURKEY POINT NUCLEAR PLANT- HOMESTEAD, FL

• Located on Biscayne Bay, 24 miles south of Miami
  and just east of the Homestead area
• Two nuclear power units
• the first unit began operation in 1972
• the second unit following in 1973
• Generates about 1,400 million watts of
  electricity -- enough power to supply the annual
  needs of more than 450,000 homes
• Reactor manufacturer - Westinghouse
• Turbine Generator Manufacturer - Westinghouse
• A safe, reliable and a low-cost producer of
  electricity

www.fpl.com- Turkey Point
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NUCLEAR ENERGY

• Concerns about the safety, cost, and liability
  have slowed the growth of the nuclear power
  industry
• Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island
  showed that a partial or complete meltdown is
  possible

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Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/
Energy20Use20-203.ppt
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Three Mile Island

• March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA
  lost coolant water because of mechanical and
  human errors and suffered a partial meltdown
• 50,000 people evacuated another 50,000 fled
  area
• Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
• Partial cleanup damages cost 1.2 billion
• Released radiation increased cancer rates.

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3 mile island
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Chernobyl

• April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung
  radioactive debris into atmosphere
• Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths
• Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths
• About 400,000 people were forced to leave their
  homes
• 160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
• gt Half million people exposed to dangerous levels
  of radioactivity
• Cost of incident gt 358 billion

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Chernobyl disaster
Chernobyl Radioactive wolves
National Geographic returns to the scene- 2006
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NUCLEAR ENERGY

• Nuclear plants must be decommissioned after 15-40
  years
• New reactor designs are still proposed
• Experimental breeder nuclear fission reactors
  have proven too costly to build and operate
• Attempts to produce electricity by nuclear fusion
  have been unsuccessful

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Use of Nuclear Energy

• U.S. phasing out
• Some countries (France, Japan) investing
  increasingly
• U.S. currently 7 of energy nuclear
• No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978
• 40 of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to
  be retired by 2015 and all by 2030
• North Korea is getting new plants from the US
• France 78 energy nuclear

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Phasing Out Nuclear Power

• Multi-billion- construction costs
• High operation costs
• Frequent malfunctions
• False assurances and coverups
• Overproduction of energy in some areas
• Poor management
• Lack of public acceptance

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt