India

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India

• The Indus and Ganges Rivers

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Class Objective

• Students will analyze the effect geography has on
  the South Asian civilizations and investigate the
  technological advances of them.

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India

• The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and
  Egypt rose and fell. They left behind a rich
  history of themselves but culturally very few
  links have lasted through to today.
• This is not the case in India

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• Civilizations in India arose about 2500 B.C.
• Many characteristics of modern Indian culture can
  be traced to that early civilization.

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Geography Mountain Ranges

• Mountain ranges served as a natural barrier
  between the Indus civilizations and other
  civilizations.
• Because of the mountains, Indian culture was not
  as preoccupied with war and expansion.

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Geography Rivers

• There are two rivers that provided for this early
  civilization.
• The Indus
• The Ganges
• This area stretches 1,500 miles across northern
  India and is called the Indus-Ganges Plain.
• These rivers floods were unpredictable.

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The Two Rivers

• Indus River Valley

• Ganges River Valley

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Climate

• Seasonal winds called monsoons dominate Indias
  climate.
• A monsoon is a seasonal wind that shifts
  direction.
• From October to May, winter monsoons from the
  northeast blow dry air across the country.
• Spring monsoons start in the middle of June, and
  blow from the southwest, carrying moisture from
  the ocean in great rain clouds.

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Monsoon Season
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Early Villages

• It is uncertain how the first people ended up in
  India whether they came by boat from Africa or
  migrated from the north.
• By about 3,200 B.C., people were farming in
  villages along the Indus River.

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Early Cities

• Archaeologists have found ruins of over 100 early
  cities.
• The largest cities were Kalibangan, Mohenjo-Daro,
  and Harappa.
• The most surprising aspect of these cities is the
  presence of urban planning.

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• The cities in Mesopotamia were jumble of
  buildings connected by a maze of winding streets.

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• In contrast, the people of the Indus laid out
  their cities on a precise grid system.

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• Cities featured a fortified area called a
  citadel, which contained the major buildings of
  the city.
• Buildings were made of baked clay bricks.

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Accomplishments Sewer!!!!Mrs. Robertsons
favorite

• In most ancient cities, people retrieved water
  from the river or a central well.
• They dumped wastes into open drainage ditches or
  carted them out of town.
• Only the rich had separate bathrooms in their
  homes.

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Accomplishments

• The Indus peoples built extensive and
  modern-looking plumbing systems. (not that
  modern)
• In Mohenjo-Daro, almost every house had a private
  bathroom and toilet.
• No other civilization would achieve this
  convenience until the 19th and 20th century.

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Accomplishments

• Economic
• Division of labor
• Specialization of crafts
• Variety of services products made for export
• Crop surplus

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Accomplishments cont.

• Technological
• Architectural skill
• City planning
• Flood protection and water drainage system

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Accomplishments cultural

• Citadel strong central fortress.
• Store houses for grain. (could hold enough food
  for 35,000 people.)
• Farmers grew cotton, wheat, barley, and rice.
  They raised cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats
• Developed a written language (it has not be
  deciphered yet).
• Some sort of religion focused around a great God
  and nature.

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Where are they now?

• In 1750 B.C., the quality of building in the
  Indus valley cities declined.
• We do not know why the Indus River civilization
  disappeared.
• Archeologists suspect the rivers might have
  changed courses or a nomadic Aryan group
  conquered the area.
• Evidence of earthquakes ravaged the area in
  1700BC.
• All we know is there is evidence that some
  disastrous event occurred because unburied
  skeletons were found and people appear to have
  abandoned their homes and possessions.