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Title: P H I L O S O P H Y


1
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • A Text with Readings
  • ELEVENTH EDITION
  • M A N U E L V E L A S Q U E Z

2
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • Traditionally, religion refers to a belief in God
    that is institutionalized and incorporated in the
    teachings of some religious body, such as a
    church or synagogue. Today, emphasis is on deep
    personal experience with the object of one's
    chief loyalty.

3
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • Theism is the belief in a personal God who has
    created the world and is immanent in its
    processes, and with whom we may come into
    intimate contact.

4
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • Three traditional arguments for a theistic God
    are the ontological argument (such as Saint
    Anselm's), the cosmological argument (such as
    Saint Thomas Aquinas's), and the argument from
    design (such as William Paley's). Each of these
    arguments has its critics.

5
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • Besides the traditional objections made to these
    arguments, critics have raised objections to the
    traditional concept of God How can God be
    all-knowing yet not suffer along with us? How can
    God be unchanging yet have perfect knowledge of
    our changing world?

6
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • In response, pantheism argues that everything is
    God and God is everything, whereas panentheism
    argues that everything is in God, who is both
    fixed and changing, unity and diversity,
    inclusive of all possibilities.

7
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • Atheism and agnosticism are responses to the
    difficulties in the traditional arguments for a
    theistic God. Atheism claims that we know that
    God does not exist, arguing particularly that the
    existence of evil implies there is no all-good
    and all-powerful God. Agnostics claim that we
    know neither that God exists nor that God does
    not exist.

8
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • William James called the acquisition of religious
    belief a live, forced, and momentous option.

9
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • Many people, unable to find religious belief or
    experience in a theistic God, find both in a deep
    personal encounter with a divine dimension.

10
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • Mysticism claims direct and immediate awareness
    that is not dependent on direct sense experience
    or on reason. The mystical experience is
    inexpressible and noetic. It has the
    characteristics of the numinous.

11
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • Radical theology, as presented by Søren
    Kierkegaard and Paul Tillich, has mystical
    overtones. It appeals to deep personal experience
    as justification for belief. Tillich's God is
    being itself, the "God above God," the "ground of
    all being".

12
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • Feminist theology has argued that much in the
    Western concept of God and religion is sexist and
    that these sexist notions have been used to
    oppress women. Feminist theologian Mary Daly
    claims that these notions cannot be reformed and
    should be abandoned in favor of female symbolism
    and female religious communities. Other feminist
    theologians disagree and argue for reform from
    within.

13
P H I L O S O P H Y
  • Eastern religious views, such as Hinduism,
    Buddhism, and Zen Buddhism, are highly
    sympathetic to claims of personal religious
    experience.
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