The Italian peninsula had not been unified since Roman times

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• The Italian peninsula had not been unified since
  Roman times
• By the early 1800s, Italian-speaking patriots
  were determined to build a new, united Italy
• As in Germany, Napoleons invasions sparked
  dreams of nationalism because France ruled many
  parts of Europe

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Nationalism

• What is nationalism?
• The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to
  a nation of people who share a common culture
  history
• Nationalism that unifies culturally similar lands
  and people
• Nationalism that separates culturally different
  lands and people

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Italy Before Unification
Each Italian state was independent prior to
Italian unification. Each state had its own
leader, government, laws, etc.
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(No Transcript)
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Congress of Vienna (1815) reorganized provinces

• Why wasnt Italy united before 1850?
• Prince Metternich of Austria wanted to maintain
  old Europe (pre-Napoleon order)

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Congress of Vienna ignored national groups,
placing groups under the control of large empires
with different ethnicities

• Italy is split into 3 separate groups
• -Northern Italy was under Austrian rule
• -Other parts under French Rule
• -Another part under Hapsburgs Rule

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Giuseppe Mazzini
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The Soul Mazzini (1805-1872)

• Giuseppe Mazzini was a popular writer whose goal
  was to unite Italy
• Launched a group call Young Italy
• Was exiled for his outspoken nationalism
• Smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy
• Believe that Europe need to redraw the lines
• Attracted tens of thousands to Italian
  Unification cause

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Giuseppe Mazzini

• Italian nationalist leader (1830s)
• Mazzini founded Young Italy, a secret society
  to promote a free, independent, republic nation
• To nationalists like Mazzini, establishing a
  unified Italy made sense because of geography,
  common language, and history
• It made economic sense because it would end trade
  barriers among Italian states
• Unification would stimulate industry to allow
  Italy to prosper economically

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The Soul Mazzini (1805-1872)

• The Duties of Man
• O my brothers, love your Country! Our country
  is our Home, the house that God has given us,
  placing therein a numerous family that loves us,
  and whom we love

The Idealist Patriot
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Uprising and Revolutions

• Mazzini had help Italians realize their destiny
• Nationalist inspired revolutions began to pop up
  on Italy
• Northern State of Piedmont declared war on
  Austria Lost after 1 year with Piedmont defeats
• Northern States are not liberated from Austrian
  Empire
• Revolutionaries seized Rome
• Set up a Republic that Mazzini and 2 others
  governed
• French troops would help the pope regain control
• Sardinia was the only successful revolt
• Revolutionaries forced rulers of Sardinia to
  adopt a new constitution and remain independent
• Revolutionary failures do not weaken Nationalist
  movement

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The Brains Cavour (1810-1861)

• Cavour expressed nationalist movement is still
  strong enough to unite Italy even with difference
• Goal is to unite Italy
• Becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia
• Builds Sardinia Economy
• Believes that all of Italys Economy must thrive
• Achieves in gaining a power ally in France

Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government,
1850-1861
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The Brains Cavour (1810-1861)

• Supports France in war with Russia.
• In return Sardinia gives France providence of
  Savoy and Nice
• France also will support Sardinia in a war with
  Austria.
• By 1860 the Northern Italian States w/o Venetia
  were liberated from Austrian control and united

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The Sword Garibaldi (1807-1882)

• Goal was to Unify Italy
• Lived in exile in S. America were he learn
  Guerilla warfare
• Helped in defeating Austria in North Unification
• Led RED SHIRTS, his army of 1000 soldiers towards
  the South and the Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies
• Conquered island of Sicily then headed towards
  Naples

Military Leader
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The Sword Garibaldi (1807-1882)

• The North and South are conquered and united
• Only Venetia and Papal States not unified
• Austria controls Venetia
• Austria and Prussia go to war
• Italians side with Prussia
• Prussians win and give Italians Venetia
• France and Prussia go to war
• France pulls out of Rome(Papal States)
• Unification is complete.

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Victor Emmanuel II
King of Sardinia
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Victor Emmanuel II

• Constitutional monarch (king) of Sardinia
• Hoped to join other states with Sardinia to
  increase his power
• 1852 he appointed Count Camillo Cavour as
  Sardinias prime minister
• Cavours long-term goal was to end Austrian power
  in Italy
• With help from France, Sardinia defeated Austria
  and annexed (take control of) Lombardy, a
  northern province
• Meanwhile, nationalist groups overthrew
  Austrian-backed leaders in other northern Italian
  states

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United Italy

• During the Franco-Prussian War, however, France
  was forced to withdraw its troops from Rome to
  fight against Prussia in 1870
• No more French troops on the Italian Peninsula!
• Additionally, Italy acquired Venetia in a deal
  with Bismarck after the Austro-Prussian War
• For the first time since the fall of the Roman
  Empire, Italy was a united land

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• Divisions between

• Government

• parliamentary monarchy
• (King Victor Emmanuel)
• Limited suffrage (most adult males)
• Limited working hours
• No Child Labor
• Improved cities and industry

• social classes (rich/poor)
• New taxes led to poverty/unemployment
• huge numbers emigrating to America (4.5M)
• regions (N/S)
• South resented being ruled by Rome
• Catholic Church would not let Catholics vote out
  of resentment

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Government Problems

• Italy faced many problems as anarchists and
  radicals struggled against the conservative
  government
• Anarchists turned to violence and sabotage to
  achieve their goals
• Tensions grew between the north and the south
• To distract attention from troubles at home, the
  government send its military overseas to
  establish an Italian empire in Ethiopia

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Ethiopia
Italy
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Economic Differences

• North was richer, more industrial, and had more
  cities
• South was poor and rural with a less educated
  population
• Still, Italy developed economically and the
  population grew
• For many, however, emigration offered a chance to
  improve their lives
• Large numbers of Italians left for the United
  States, Canada, and Latin America for a better
  life