Old Science and Popular Culture in Europe in the 1500

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Old Science and Popular Culture in Europe in the
1500s

• The world is a spiritual world, evil spirits.
• The local priest might be illiterate, but a
  source of comfort.
• Witches were suspected and considered bad luck.
• Recreation was limited.
• Geocentric Theory of the universe.
• Scholasticism is believed and God controls an
  objects movement.
• Body is made of four humors, each controlling an
  emotion.
• Bleeding and purging curedbut no dissections
  allowed!
• Print culture changes this!!!!
• Almanacs spread knowledge.

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Four temperamental tendencies Blood good
spirits Black melancholic, depressed Yellow
choleric, hostile Phlegmatic slow and complaisant
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The Scientific Revolution Swept Europe

• Experimentation through observation started the
  Scientific Revolution.
• Verifying results by the Scientific Method.
• Bacon- Inductive Reasoning
• Descartes- Deductive ReasoningCogito,ergo sum
• Cartesian Dualism
• Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry and Anatomy

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Descartes
Bacon
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Scientific Revolution

• Scientific Societies- promoted to research and
  spreading knowledge
• Women Science- considered inferior and excluded
  from education, but worked along side of husbands
  and fathers (Maria Winkleman, Maria Cunitz
  Margaret Cavendish)
• Religion-
• Superstition
• Science and the Church
• Spinoza Pascal
• Deism
• Atheist

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Cavendish
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The Social Contract

• Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English
  philosophers who lived through the English Civil
  War.
• Hobbes thought that man was cruel, and greedy. To
  escape anarchy one needed to live by a social
  contract. A strong government peace..wrote
  Leviathan
• Locke thought that people were basically good.
  People had natural rights, life liberty and the
  right to own property. If government violates the
  rightsthen good-bye government.

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Hobbes Locke
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Astronomy

• Geocentric Theory
• Copernicus and the heliocentric theory. Proved
  nothinggot people thinking!!!!
• Tycho Brahe
• Kepler
• Galileo

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Brahe
Kepler
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Physics, Chemistry and Anatomy

• Anatomy-
• Vesalius and Harvey-experimentation and
  observation to improve medicine.
• Physics-
• Isaac Newton - Principals of Mathematics . Newton
  and Leibniz developed calculus.
• Chemistry-
• Robert Hooke - the theory of cells.
• Lavoisier and Boyle Fathers of Chemistry.

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Harvey
Newton
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The Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment Applied Scientific Ideas to
  Politics
• The 1700s are referred to as the Age of
  Enlightenment
• Science and Reason could explain everything in
  the Universe.
• Rationalism - truth is arrived at by using
  rational, logical thinking. Everything in the
  world can be explained. (Descartes, Kant, Leibniz)

Descartes
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Enlightenment

• Economic change political reform.
• Possible AND desirable .New idea? RADICAL
• Movement of people ideas.ENLIGHTENMENT
• Think of possibilitiesnot just actualities.
• Apply rules of reason to EVERYTHING.
• CHIEF DUTY Common desire to reform thought,
  society, government for the sake of HUMAN
  LIBERTYIn touch with common people

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Influences.
1. Isaac Newton Avoid metaphysical/supernaturali
sm. If nature was rational, society could also
be organized rationally 2. John Locke- Human
nature can be molded by changing environment..
soo change environment! 3. Great
Britainpost-1688 4. France Louis XIV 5. Print
Culturereading is a GOOD thing!!
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Great Britainpost-1688

• Enlightened reforms benefit all
• Religious toleration (Voltaire)
• Relative free speech/press
• Limited monarchy Parliamentpolitical
  sovereignty
• Courts protected citizens
• Small standing army
• Domestic economyless regulated
• Liberal policies Prosperity/stability/loyalty
• Britain significantly freer than ANY European
  nation

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France Louis XIV

• Absolute monarchy
• Large standing army
• Heavy taxation
• Religious persecution
• Restrictions on free speech/press

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Print Culture

• Journals, Books, Newspapers, and Pamphlets
• Printed word ? chief vehicle for communication
• Ideas/opinion/thought
• Who are the readers?
• Monarchs, Nobles, Upper middle classes
  bourgeoisie
• NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF THE PEN OR
  THOSE WHO BUY INK BY THE BARREL

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Crusaders of the Enlightenment

• -The thinkers of the Enlightenment were called
  philosophes.
• -were critics of society and government.
• -used the printed word to spread ideas.
• -The Encyclopedia, was published and edited by
  Denis Diderot
• Philosophes A bunch of guys sitting around in
  some womans living room (salon), chatting
  discussing current eventsasking themselves
• Whats wrong with our society?
• How can we fix it?

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Crusaders of the Enlightenment
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Baron de Montesquieu

• The ideas of John Locke inspired Montesquieu.
• Montesquieu wrote his book, The Spirit of the
  Laws
• Liked the English government separation of
  powers
• Influenced the U.S. Constitution.

Montesquieu
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Voltaire

• Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) was a famous
  writer.
• Voltaire was imprisoned for a time in the
  Bastille until he fled to England liked the
  English political system.
• A defender of the right to free speech.
• Becomes the symbol of the Revolution.
• I do not agree with what you have to say, but
  I'll defend to the death your right to say it.
• Each player must accept the cards life deals him
  or her but once they are in hand, he or she
  alone must decide how to play the cards in order
  to win the game.
• Behind every successful man stands a surprised
  mother-in-law.

Voltaire
Crush the Infamous Thing
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• If there were just one religion in England,
  despotism would threaten, if there were two
  religions, they would cut each others throats,
  but there are thirty religions, and they live
  together peacefully and happily.
• Voltaire
• Philosophic Letters on the English, 1733

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Churches hindered the pursuit of a rational life
and the scientific study of humanity and nature
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Rousseau

• -Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote The Social
  Contract.
• -said that man had been born pure, but was
  corrupted by society.
• -The free state of man can only be maintained
  if they choose their own government.
• -Popular sovereignty is the will of the people.
• -distrusted reason and logic.
• -thought the individual should be subordinate
  to the group or masses.

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Much of worlds evil is caused by uneven
distribution of wealth Discourse of the Origin
of Inequality, 1755
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Mary Wollstonecraft and Adam Smith

• -A feminist who wrote A Vindication of the
  Rights of Woman.
• -Advocated education for women and equality
  with men.
• Physiocrates
• -urged a policy of laissez-faire
• -limited tariffs or taxes.
• -Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations argued for
  the free market or supply and demand.
• -The market place was better off without
  government interference.

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Enlightened Despots (ruling based on rational
reasoning, ideas are a tool for ruling)

• Frederick II (the Great)
• First servant of the state
• (r. 1740-1786)
• Military Genius
• Enforced a centralized bureaucracy
• Believed in religious toleration
• Into culture (arts, music, thinking)
• Offered little social mobility

• Joseph II of Austria
• (r. 1780-1790)
• Reformed Austrias social classes
• Eliminated serfdom
• Edict of Toleration (1781) Granted religious
  toleration equal legal status to all
• Wanted to have more control of the church

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Catherine the Great

• (r. 1762-1796) Strong German Ruler
• Abolished torture and capital punishment
• Believed in equal rights for girls education
• Expanded serfdom, even with the Pugachev Revolt
• Added more territory

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Partitioning of Poland (1772,1793 1795)

• Austria, Prussia and Russia wanted Polands land
• Helped to maintain balance of power
• Enlightened rulers laid foundation for the
  revolutions to come!!!!