Chapter 27 Chills and Fever During the Cold War, 1945-1960

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Chapter 27Chills and Fever During the Cold War,
1945-1960

• The American People, 5th ed.

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I. Origins of the Cold War
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The American Stance/ Soviet Aims

• The United States emerged from World War II more
  powerful than any other nation and it sought to
  use that power in the creation of a world order
  based on the ideals of democracy
• Soviet aims included rebuilding after the ravages
  of war, and a restructuring of her borders to
  prevent a repeat German invasion

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Early Cold War Leadership

• Eisenhower saw Communism as a overreaching world
  force bent on domination through subversive
  activity
• Joseph Stalin, the soviet Leader, possessed
  almost unlimited power and answered to no one
• Americans distrusted Soviet political aims and
  generally equated Communism with the Nazi state

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Containing the Soviet Union
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Containment Defined

• George Kennan is generally credited with defining
  Americas response to the aggressiveness of the
  Soviet Union
• Containment theory taught that the Soviets would
  never turn from their plans of world domination
  unless hindered by force at every turn
• Containment created the need for America to
  assist any country that was perceived to be
  falling under the influence of the Soviets

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The Truman Doctrine

• I believe that it must be the policy of the
  United States to support free peoples who are
  resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by
  outside pressures.
• --Harry Truman

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The Next Steps

• The Marshall Plan rebuilding the devastations
  of war-torn Europe with massive American aid
• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a
  twelve-member alliance that vowed that an attack
  on one nation-member would be an attack on all

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Containment in Asia and the Middle East
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Asia

• Internal conflict in China produced a revolution
  to Communism that the U.S. was in no position to
  stifle
• War on the Korean peninsula produced a stalemate
  between a communist North and a democratic South
  that exists to this day
• Vietnam, an American conflict inherited from the
  French, closely resembled the problems of Korea
  with one exception communism won

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The Middle East

• The state of Israel, created by the United
  Nations as a homeland for the Diaspora Jews of
  the Holocaust, unfortunately displaced thousands
  of Palestinian Arabs from their traditional lands
  along the Mediterranean
• This action solidified Arab hatred of the western
  sponsors of Israel and put in motion a series of
  war and death that survives to this day

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The Cold War at Home
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Trumans Loyalty Program

• Truman, worried about the influence of communism
  within the borders of the U.S., created the
  Employee Loyalty Program in 1947
• Although only dismissing several hundred
  employees overall, Trumans program set a
  precedent for government review of who could be
  considered a threat due to a belief system

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Joe McCarthy

• The key anti-Communist Senator of the 1950s
• Virtually unknown beforehand, he make a
  reputation uncovering Communist plots and
  targeting anyone outside his narrow version of
  American
• General public alarm over the evils of Communism
  allowed McCarthy the latitude to destroy many
  reputations needlessly

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