Title: Chapter%2026%20Section%204
1The Cold War at Home
- Chapter 26 Section 4
- Notes 6.0
2Objectives
- Describe how the United States government fought
the Cold War in America - Discuss the major causes, personalities and
events of the Red Scare - Compare the Red Scare of the 1920s to the Red
Scare of the 1940s and 1950s
3How did the National Security State evolve?
- Concerns for national security ? broadened
executive power - Huge federal bureaucracy
- Dependent on military spending
- Devoted to surveillance at home and abroad
4- Increase focus on national defense
- Before WWII 10 of 900,000 govt workers were in
security work - After WWII 75 of 4,000,000 govt workers
5- Once a government is committed to the principle
of silencing the voice of opposition, it has only
one way to go, and that is down the path of
increasingly repressive measures, until it
becomes a source of terror to all its citizens
and creates a country where everyone lives in
fear -- Harry S. Truman
6Fears of Communist Influence
- The Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, the fall
of Red China led many Americans to believe that
Communism was spreading around the world in the
late 1940s early 1950s - FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover estimated that there
were 100,000 Americans in the Communist Party - Some feared that Communist had infiltrated the
highest levels of GOV.
7The US Government Acts
- The National Security Act of 1947- Established
the Department of Defense, the National Security
Council (NSC) and the CIA - Accused of being soft on Communist President
Truman set up the Federal Employee Loyalty
Program - It was to investigate government employees for
sympathetic associations and could dismiss
anyone for reasonable grounds that the person
was disloyal. - Later added homosexuality as a reason
- State and municipal programs were enacted as well
(6.6 million investigated) - US Attorney General Clark drew up a list of 91
subversive groups
8What was the National Security Act of 1947?
- Coordinate and administrate defense policies and
to advise the President - Department of Defense
- National Security Council
- Gather military, political and economic
information - CIA
9Why were there concerns about American security?
- Est. CP members in U.S. ? 80,000
- Many more sympathetic
- Loss of China
- Spy network exposed
- Atomic bomb secrets
- Military secrets
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11What was the Federal Employee Loyalty Program?
- Executive Order 9835
- Response to criticisms soft on communism
lax internal security - Goal root out subversives in government jobs
- Barred members of CP from federal employment
- Loyalty checks on all government employees
12How did the program work?
- FBI checked files for people engaged in
suspicious activity - Cases ? review board
- People accused found themselves under attack
hard to clear their names
13Fed. Employees Loyalty Security Act
- Accused not able to see evidence or face their
accusers - 6.6 million investigated 500 dismissed and
6,000 resigned objecting to the investigation
14What role did Attorney General Clark play in this?
- Published a list of hundreds of potentially
subversive organizations - Membership was rationale for dismissal at nearly
all levels of government
15Fed. Employees Loyalty Security Act
- Outlawed many political and social organizations
including church, civil rights, musical groups
and summer camps - Stigmatized thousands who had committed no crime
16What was the McCarran Act?
- Internal Security Act
- Trumans Loyalty Review Board did not go far
enough - Required communist organizations to register with
the Subversive Activities Control Board - give
membership list and financial statement
17The Internal Security/ McCarran Act
- To be even tougher on subversives Congress passed
the McCarran Act - Truman called it the greatest danger to
freedom. - Communist organizations must register with the US
Gov. - Illegal to plan a totalitarian dictatorship in
the US - Communists could be interned during national
emergencies - No Communists in Defense Industries
- Immigration and Nationality Act barred
subversives and homosexuals - Communists could be deported
- Terminated in 1973
18Trumans reaction?
- Vetoed the bill
- In a free country, we punish men for the crimes
they commit, but never for the opinions they
have. HST - Law was passed over Trumans veto
19What was the House Un-American Activities
Committee?
- Started as a committee under Martin Dies
- Chaired by J. Parnell Thomas
- Expose communist influence in Am. Life
- Blurred the distinction between dissent and
disloyalty - Threatened people with the loss of jobs
20How did the HUAC affect American Life?
- Unions
- Expel communist members
- Stay away from progressive causes championing
social justice - Strictly pay and benefits
- Leaders had to sign a loyalty oath
- Educators
- School teachers and college professors had to
sign loyalty oaths
21How did the HUAC affect Hollywood?
- Probed the motion picture industry
- Films had the ability to corrupt said that some
Hollywood figures had left-wing inclinations - Called witnesses to testify about communist
influence in films - friendly witnesses cooperated
- Result Content of movies very light avoid
social or controversial issues
22The House Un-American Activities Committee
- The HUAC was a Congressional Committee that was
to investigate Communist activity - In 1947 it targeted the movie industry
- 43 friendly witnesses from Hollywood were
subpoenaed ( Ronald Reagan, Gary Cooper and
Barbara Stanwyck) - Some unfriendly witnesses were Orsen Wells, and
Charlie Chaplin - Even Humphrey Bogart and Lucille
- Ball received bad publicity
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24J. Parnell Thomas
- "Practically every play presented under the
auspices of the (Federal Theater) Project is
sheer propaganda for Communism or the New Deal."
25HUAC
26Are you now or have you ever been a member
of the communist party?
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28The Hollywood Ten
29What was the Hollywood Ten?
- 19 screenwriters, actors, and producers called to
testify - 10 refused to testify unfriendly witnesses
- Sent to jail for contempt of Congress
- Original 10 were blacklisted by Hollywood
- Others who were accused of communist leanings
and were also blacklisted
30The Hollywood Ten
- Ten Unfriendly witnesses refused to testify,
they thought the hearings were unconstitutional,
they were sentenced to prison by the committee
(Hollywood Ten) - Hollywood executives instituted a blacklist
- 500 actors, writers,
- producers and directors
- had their careers ruined
- The blacklist remained in
- effect until 1960
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32Committee for the First Amendment Hollywood
liberals protesting HUAC
33Spy Cases Stun the Nation
- In 1948 a former Communist spy Whittaker Chambers
(Time Magazine Editor) named former State
Department Official Alger Hiss of Spying for the
USSR
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35Who was Alger Hiss?
- State Department official accused by admitted
communist, Whittaker Chambers, of being a
communist and a spy - Denied the charges and sued Chambers for slander
- Congressman Richard Nixon pursued the case
found microfilm with government documents - Hiss found guilty of perjury
36The Hiss Case
- Chambers produced micro-film and documents
allegedly passed to him from Hiss The Pumpkin
Papers Hiss denied the charges - Congressman Richard M. Nixon pursued the charges
which increased his popularity - Hiss was indicted for perjury--the statute of
limitations for espionage during the 1930s having
long expire - Sentenced to 5 years in prison, he served 2 years
still claiming his innocence
37Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
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40Who were Ethel and Julius Rosenberg?
- 1950 Klaus Fuchs arrested for passing passing
atomic secrets to the Soviets - He implicated David Greenglass who was a
machinist at Los Alamos - He said his brother-in-law Julius Rosenberg had
recruited him - Rosenbergs were tried, convicted, and executed
for espionage
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42Who was Senator Joe McCarthy?
- Tailgunner Joe
- Republican Senator from Wisconsin
- Weak wanted reelection
- Identified himself as a leader against communism
in U.S. government - Gave a speech to a the Republican Womens Club in
Wheeling, W. Virginia
43McCarthy
- Claimed to have a list of 205 communists in the
State Department then 81 then 57 - McCarthyism synonym for public charges without
sufficient regard for the evidence - Demogogue
44Senator Joe McCarthy
45What tactics did he use?
- Made slanderous attacks on the Senate floor
- Democrats soft on communism
- Democratic Party the party of treason
- Sec. of State Dean Acheson Red Dean
- Fed on peoples fears
- Used the press effectively called press
conferences
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48Who supported him?
- Republicans who wanted a campaign issue for 52
- Those who opposed aid to Europe and the New Deal
- Those who resented privilege and the eastern
elite - American Legion and the Chamber of Commerce
- Religious leaders and blue collar workers
49What brought McCarthys downfall?
- He went too far
- Made attacks against the US Army
- Nationally televised investigation
- Bullied witnesses and alienated the audience
- Censured by the Senate
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51Joe Welch Counsel for the Army
- "Until this moment, Senator, I think I never
really gauged your cruelty or your recklessness."
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53Americans watched the televised Army-McCarthy
Hearings
54Damage and other Anti- Communist Measures
- Because of McCarthy many repressive federal and
state laws remained in effect - Basic freedoms such as freedom of speech and
assembly were eroded - Dissent had become dangerous
- The US Government investigated union leaders,
librarians, teachers, reporters, entertainers,
and scientists