Animal Nutrition and Feeds

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Animal Nutrition and Feeds
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What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the science of dealing with the
utilization of food by the body processes which
transform food into body tissues and energy.
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Why is Nutrition Important?
To obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed
stuffs and convert them to desirable products
such as meat, milk, eggs, fiber and work.
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What is a Nutrient?
A single class of food or group of like foods
that aids in the support of life and makes it
possible for animals to grow or provide energy
for physiological processes.
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Digestible Nutrient
The portion of the nutrient which may be broken
down (digested) and absorbed and used by the
body.
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The Six Nutrients Needed

• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Water

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• Protein is needed for the following
• Developing and repairing body organs
• Producing milk, wool, and eggs
• Generating enzymes and hormones
• Developing antibodies
• Transmitting DNA

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Proteins

• Needed for growth and repair
• Helps form muscles, internal organs, skin,
  hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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Proteins

• Complex nutrients, composed of carbon, hydrogen,
  oxygen and nitrogen

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Examples of Proteins

1. Meat and Bone Meal
2. Fish Meal
3. Soybean Meal
4. Cottonseed Meal
5. Dried Skim Milk
6. Amino Acids

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Proteins

• What are proteins?
• Organic compounds that are made up of amino acids
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
• Most expensive part of animal ration

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Proteins

• What are the 2 types of amino acids?
• Non-Essential Amino Acids
• Needed by animals
• Are synthesized by the body from other A.A.s and
  do not have to be provided

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Proteins

• What are the 2 types of amino acids?
• 2. Essential Amino Acids
• Cannot be made from other A.A.s
• Must be provided in the diet
• Nonruminants need most of their A.A.s provided

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Proteins

• What are the 2 sources of proteins?
• Animal Proteins
• Meat and Bone Scraps
• Blood Meal
• Fish Meal
• Vegetable Proteins
• Soybeans
• Peanut Meal
• Hay
• Pastures

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Proteins

• Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant
  Protein Source
• Which is a better source?
• Animal Proteins
• Why?
• They contain a good balance of the essential
  amino acids

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Carbohydrates

• Furnish energy for body functions, growth
• and reproduction
• The largest part of the animals food supply
• and usually the fibrous part of the diet
• Include sugars, starch and cellulose
• Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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Carbohydrates

• Contain the chemical elements carbon, hydrogen,
  and oxygen
• Made up of a group of chemicals called sugars,
  starches and crude fiber

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Energy Nutrients- Carbs

• There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are
  they?
• Simple Carbs
• Nitrogen Free Extract (NFEs)
• Consist of sugars and starches
• Supply immediate energy
• Come from cereal grains

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Energy Nutrients- Carbs

• There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are
  they?
• 2. Complex Carbs
• Known as fiber
• Consist of cellulose and lignin
• More difficult to digest than simple CHOs
• Fiber is found primarily and roughages such as
  hay and pasture plants.
• Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard grass,
  and bluegrass.

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Fats

• Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to
• 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do
• Form cholesterol, steroids and other body
• compounds
• Found in every cell in the body
• Affect the condition of skin and hair
• Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, but
• contain much larger proportions of carbon and
• hydrogen than carbohydrates do
• They also provide energy reserves, protection
  for
• vital organs, and they insulate the body

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Fats

• Made up of the same chemical elements as
  carbohydrates but in different combinations

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Continued

• Fats are needed for
• Providing energy
• Absorbing fat soluble vitamins
• Providing fatty acids

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Minerals

• Primarily found in bones and teeth
• Important in blood for the carrying of
• oxygen
• Regulates heartbeat with potassium,
• sodium
• and calcium

Example Calcium Formation Found in rocks
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Minerals

• Like vitamins however they support materials
  needed for building the skeletal system
• Also, producing body regulators such as enzymes
  and hormones.

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Minerals

• What are minerals?
• Inorganic substances that animals need in small
  amounts
• Minerals contain no carbon

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Minerals

• What are some functions of minerals?
• 1. Provide material for growth of
• Bones, Teeth, and Tissue
• 2. Help with muscular activities
• 3. Reproduction
• 4. Digestion of feed

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Minerals

• Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what are
  they?
• Major (macro) Minerals
• Trace (micro) Minerals

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Minerals- Major

• Needed in large amounts
• 7 Macro Minerals
• Calcium
• Phosphorus
• Sodium
• Chlorine
• Potassium
• Sulfur
• Magnesium

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Minerals- Major

• What are the most common major minerals animal
  rations lack?
• Sodium
• Calcium
• Phosphorous

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Minerals- Major

• Sodium
• Functions
• Maintain osmotic pressure in cells
• Muscle and nerve activity
• Deficiencies
• Reduced appetite
• Rough hair coat
• Cannibalism in chickens
• Dirt eating

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Minerals- Major

• Calcium
• Functions
• Bone development
• Nerve and muscle function
• Deficiencies
• Rickets- in young animals bones are soft, bend
  easily, and are malformed

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Minerals- Major

• Phosphorus
• Functions
• Bone and Teeth Development
• Appetite
• Deficiencies
• Rickets
• Stiffness in joints
• Loss of appetite

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Minerals- Trace

• Needed in small amounts
• Sulfur
• Magnesium
• Iron
• Iodine
• Copper
• Cobalt
• Zinc
• Manganese
• Boron
• Molybdenum
• Fluorine
• Selenium

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VITAMINS

• Are only needed in small amounts
• Are essential for life and health
• Provide a defense against disease,
• promote growth and reproduction
• Contribute to the general health of
• the animal

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Vitamins

• Are organic substances required in very small
  amounts
• Are necessary for biochemical reactions within
  the body.

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Vitamins

• What are vitamins?
• Trace organic compounds needed in small amounts
  by animals
• Needed for development of normal tissues and for
  health, growth and maintenance

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Vitamins

• Vitamins are divided into 2 groups, what are
  they?
• Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K)
• Dissolved in fat
• Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B-Complex)
• Dissolved in water

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This Vitamin is associated with EYESIGHT What
am I?
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Vitamin A

• Function
• Vision
• Conception Rates
• Disease Resistance
• Deficiencies
• Night Blindness
• Blindness in calves
• Reproductive problems

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This Vitamin is associated with BONESWhat am
I?
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Vitamin D

• Function
• Bone Development
• Growth
• Deficiencies
• Rickets (young animals)
• Osteomalacia (older animals)

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This Vitamin is associated with
REPRODUCTIONWhat am I?
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Vitamin E

• Function
• Reproduction
• Muscle Development
• E and Selenium together help immune system
• Deficiencies
• Reproduction failure
• Muscular dystrophy

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This Vitamin is associated with BLOODWhat am
I?
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Vitamin K

• Function
• Blood Clotting
• Deficiencies
• Blood doesnt clot fast

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Vitamins

• What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K?
• Green Leafy Hay
• Yellow Corn
• Cod Liver
• Fish Oils

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This Vitamin is associated with
TEETH/BONESWhat am I?
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Vitamin C

• Function
• Formation of teeth and bones
• Prevents infections

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This Vitamin is associated with APPETITEWhat
am I?
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B- Complex

• Function
• Appetite
• Growth
• Reproduction

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Vitamins

• What are some sources of water-soluble vitamins?
• Green Pastures and Hay
• Cereal Grains
• Milk

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Water

• Water is in every cell of the animal
• It is more important than any other nutrient
  group
• The composition of an animals blood is 90-95
  percent water

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1. Drinking Water

• How much water do mature, non-stressed animals
  need?
• Swine 2-5 gal/hd/day
• Sheep 1-4 gal/hd/day
• Cattle 8-16 gal/hd/day
• Horses 10-14 gal/hd/day

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2. Water Within The Feed

• Grains can range from 8 to 30 water
• Forages can range from 5 in a dry hay to more
  than 90 water in lush young grass

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3. Metabolic Water

• Water produced by the body during chemical
  reactions
• 5-10 of total water intake

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Water Loss

• How is water lost from the animals body?
• Urine
• Feces
• Sweat
• Milk production

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Water Deficiencies

• What happens if animals are deprived of water?
• Reduced feed consumption
• Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27
• Reduces feed efficiency by 33
• Reduces weight gain by 50
• Weight Loss
• Water Intoxication
• 4-5 days without water animal will drink up to
  50 of body weight in ½ hour
• Death

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vSAUw9GO6tgE
• Questions?

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FEED CLASSIFICATIONS

1. Roughages
2. Concentrates
3. Supplements

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ROUGHAGES

• High in fiber and relatively low in
• digestible nutrients

• Examples of roughages
• Alfalfa
• Clover
• Soybean
• Oat hay
• Corn Silage

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Concentrates

• Are low in fiber and high in
• digestible nutrients

• Examples of concentrates
• Corn
• Cottonseed
• Barley
• Oats
• Sorghum

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Supplements

• Supplements are extras that supply the body
• with additional nutrients.

• Some supplements are minerals, salt, copper,
• iodine and iron
• Vitamin A and D are also very important to
• ruminant animals

Salt
Copper
Iron