The ___________ is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

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Chapter 5 Cell Growth and Division
KEY CONCEPT - Section 5.1 Cells have distinct
phases of growth, reproduction, and normal
functions.

• The ___________ is a regular pattern of growth,
  DNA replication, and cell division.

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• The main stages of the cell cycle are

• ______ (G1) cell growth and normal functions

• ____________ (S) copies DNA

• ________ (G2) additional growth

• _________ (M) division of the cell nucleus
  (mitosis)
• _____________ division of the cell cytoplasm

• Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough
  and the DNA undamaged.

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• The rate of ______________ varies with the need
  for those types of cells.

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• Cell volume increases faster than cell surface
  area
• limits the _______ of cells
• materials have to be able to reach all parts of
  cell efficiently

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KEY CONCEPT - Section 5.2 Cells divide during
mitosis and cytokinesis.

• Chromosomes are formed at the start of mitosis.

• DNA becomes _______________- easier to organize

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• DNA plus proteins is called _____________

• One half of a duplicated chromosome is a
  chromatid.
• Sister chromatids are held together at the
  centromere.
• ____________ protect DNA and do not include genes.

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cells spend _____ of the cell cycle in interphase

• cell grows, prepares to divide
• _____is duplicated

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• Mitosis divides the cells nucleus in four steps

• ____________ chromosomes condense and spindle
  fibers form.

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• ___________ chromosomes line up in the middle
  of the cell.

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• ___________ sister chromatids separate to
  opposite sides of the cell.

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• __________ the new nuclei form and chromosomes
  begin to uncoil.

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• ____________- splitting of cytoplasm and
  organelles between two new cells

• In _______cells, the membrane pinches closed
  between two cells
• In ______ cells, a cell plate forms new cell
  walls between the two new cells

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Internal and external factors regulate
_______________
KEY CONCEPT - Section 5.3Cell cycle regulation
is necessary for healthy growth.

• External factors include physical and chemical
  ________
• Growth factors are proteins that stimulate cell
  division.
• Most mammal cells form a single layer in a
  culture dish and stop dividing once they touch
  other cells.

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• External factors trigger internal factors, which
  affect the cell cycle.

• Two of the most important internal factors are
  ________ and ___________

• Cell growth is balanced by cell death in healthy
  organisms

• _____________ programmed cell death.

• a normal feature of healthy organisms
• caused by a cells production of self-destructive
  enzymes
• occurs in development of infants

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Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer -
immortal cells

• _________cells form disorganized clumps called
  tumors.

• Benign tumors remain clustered and can be
  removed.
• _______________ metastasize, or break away, and
  can form more tumors.

• Cancer cells do not carry out necessary functions.

• Cancer cells come from normal cells with damage
  to ____________ involved in cell-cycle regulation.

• Carcinogens are substances known to promote
  cancer.

- examples ____________, tobacco, asbestos,
exposure to environmental poisons

• Standard cancer treatments typically kill both
  cancerous and healthy cells.

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• ________________ must allow for adequate exchange
  of materials.

• Cell growth is coordinated with ___________
• Cells that must be large have unique shapes so
  that materials can still be exchanged with the
  environment efficiently

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KEY CONCEPT - Section 5.4Many organisms
reproduce by cell division.

• ________________ is similar in function to
  mitosis.

• Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring
  from a single parent.
• Binary fission produces _____daughter cells
  genetically identical to the parent cell.
• method of reproduction in
• ______________

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Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis.

• Environment determines what form of reproduction
  is most advantageous.

• __________ reproduction is an advantage in
  consistently favorable conditions.
• __________ reproduction is an advantage in
  changing conditions.

• __________ forms a new organism from a small
  projection growing on the surface of the parent.

• ______________ splitting of the parent into
  pieces that each grow into a new organism.

• _____________________ forms a new plant from the
  modification of a stem or underground structure
  on the parent plant - type of asexual reproduction

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KEY CONCEPT - Section 5.5Cells work together to
carry out complex functions.

• Multicellular organisms depend on interactions
  among different cell types.

• _______________ are groups of cells that perform
  a similar function.
• ___________ are groups of tissues that perform a
  specific or related function.
• ___________________ are groups of organs that
  carry out similar functions.

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Specialized cells perform specific functions.

• Cells develop into their mature forms through the
  process of ____________________
• Cells differ because different combinations of
  genes are expressed.
• A cells location in an embryo helps determine
  how it will differentiate.

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___________ are unique body cells.

• Stem cells have the ability to
• divide and renew themselves
• remain undifferentiated in form - they can turn
  into other types of cells
• develop into a variety of specialized cell types

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• Stem cells are classified into _______________.

• totipotent, or growing into ______ other cell
  type
• pluripotent, or growing into __________ but a
  totipotent cell
• multipotent, or growing into cells of a closely
  related cell family

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• Stem cells come from adults and ____________

• Adult stem cells can be hard to isolate and grow.
• The use of adult stem cells may prevent
  transplant rejection.
• The use of embryonicstem cells raises________
  issues
• Embryonic stem cellsare pluripotent andcan be
  grown indefinitelyin culture.

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• The use of stem cells offers many currently
  realized and potential benefits.

• used to treat leukemia and _______________
• may cure disease or replace damaged organs.
• may revolutionize the ________________________