Chapter 1 Native Americans

1
Chapter 1 Native Americans
2
1.2 Migration Routes of the First Americans.

• Migrate- To move from one place and establish a
  home in a new place.
• Across a Land Bridge
• -Ocean levels drop 200 feet due to Ice age
  30,000 years ago.
• -Exposes land bridge between Asia and North
  America called Beringia.
• -Animals migrate East to North America over
  thousands of years.
• -Hunters follow animals.
• Migrating East and South
• -As larger prey die off, hunters become
  hunter-gatherers, catching small animals,
  fishing, and collecting edible plants.
• -Over time, Native Americans head south and
  eventually spread across the two American
  continents.

3
Migrating Routes of the First Americans
Page 2 in your book.
4
1.3 Native Americans Adapt to the Environment.

• Environment- All of the physical surroundings
  in a place, including land, water, animals,
  plants and climate.
• Natural Resources- Useful materials found in
  nature, including water, vegetation, animals and
  minerals.
• Culture- A peoples way of life, including
  beliefs, customs, food, dwellings, and clothing.
• Cultural Region- An area in which a group of
  people share a similar culture and language.
• Using Natural Resources
• Native Americans make clothing from animal
  skins and goggles out of bone.
• Live most of the year in houses made from
  driftwood and animal skins. Make igloos out of
  blocks of snow in winter.
• Learn to raise crops such as squash, peppers,
  beans and corn.
• Enables them to settle in one place and built
  villages.

5
1.3 Continued

• Native American Cultural Regions
• Over generations, groups of Native Americans
  develop their own cultures.
• Forest dwellers often live in houses covered
  with tree bark.
• Desert people make shelters out of branches
  covered with brush.
• Historians identify cultural regions including
  the Northwest Coast, California, the Great Basin,
  the Plateau, the Southwest, the Great Plains, the
  Eastern Woodlands, and the Southeast.

6
1.4 First Americans View of Their Environment.

• Natures Spirits
• Believe that each part of
• nature has its own spirit.
• Using the Land
• Believe land cannot be
• owned as private property.
• Adapt the land to suit their
• needs.
• Try not to waste anything
• they take from nature.

7
1.5 Native Americans of the Northwest Coast.

• Abundant Food
• Region extends from southern Oregon into
  Canada.
• Northwest people build villages along the
  narrow
• beaches and bays of the coastline.
• They fish, gather clams and shellfish, hunt
  seals,
• sea lions and whales from the ocean, and deer,
• moose, bear, elk and other forest animals from
  the land.
• Build tools such as harpoons, spears, and traps
• to catch prey.
• Builders and Carvers
• Cut long, thin boards from trees to build
  large,
• sturdy houses.
• Make roof shingles out of large sheets of
• cedar bark
• Weave baskets, mats, rope and blankets.
• Craft decorative shell buttons, animal masks
  and wooden bowls.

8
1.6 Native Americans of California

• Many Sources of Food
• Stretches from southern Oregon through Baja
  California.
• Includes coast, coastal foothills, inland
  valley,
• deserts, and the western side of the Sierra
  Nevada
• mountain range.
• Salmon and shellfish abundant along the coast.
• Deer, rabbits, ducks and other small animals
  hunted
• inland.
• Vegetation harvested includes roots, berries,
• and acorns.
• Clothing, Houses and Baskets
• Make clothing from grasses and other plants, as
  well as fur and leather from animal hides.
• Use bark from redwood trees to build cone-shape
  houses.
• Use plant materials to weave baskets, sifters
  and fish traps.

9
1.7 Native Americans of the Great Basin.

• Extreme Heat and Cold
• Low area between the Sierra Nevada and the
• Rocky Mountains.
• Mostly desert. Vegetation includes grasses,
• sagebrush, and craggy pinon trees.
• Temporary shelters made of willow poles covered
• with brush and reeds.
• Clothing made from rabbit hides.
• Searching for Food
• Follow food sources from season to season.
• In spring, people camp along rivers. Men hunt
  for ducks while women gather duck eggs.
• In summer, snakes and grasshoppers are caught.
  Other summer foods include a variety of plant
  roots and berries.
• In autumn jackrabbits are hunted.
• Live off of dried foods in winter.

10
1.8 Native Americans of the Plateau

• Sturdy Houses and Clothing
• Bounded by the Cascade Range to the west,
• the Rockies to the east, and the Fraser River in
  
• Canada to the north.
• Dense, forested mountains and flat, drier
  central
• area. Long, cold winters with mild summers.
• Inhabitants build houses along major rivers,
  such
• as the Columbia and Fraser.
• Food is so plentiful that many groups able to
  live
• in their villages all year long. Fraser River
• Columbia River

11
1.8 Continued

• Build homes partly underground to stay cool in
• summer and warm in winter. Dig pits, line with
• frame of logs, cover everything with grass and
• reeds.
• Plateau people weave elaborate baskets and
• hats.
• Men hunt antelope and deer in fall.
• Women scrape and soften hides for
• dresses,leggings, and shirts.
• Camas and Salmon
• Plateau people rely mostly on fish
• such as salmon,and plants such as
• camas, onions and carrots from
• low grasslands.

12
1.9 Native Americans of the Southwest

• Mesa People
• Region includes Arizona, New Mexico, southern
• Utah and Colorado, and parts of Texas, Oklahoma,
  
• and California.
• Many environments-canyons, mountains, deserts,
• flat-topped mesas. Very hot and dry.
• Two major rivers-Colorado and Rio Grande.
• Heat and lack of water make living there
  difficult.
• Some groups lived as nomads. Others became
  farmers along the Colorado River.

13
1.9 Continued

• Without trees for building, the mesa people
• make houses from adobe bricks. Thick walls
• protect them from summer heat and winter
• cold.
• Some pueblo villages have populations as
• large as 1000 people.
• Mesa people wear clothing made of cotton to
• protect them from the sun.
• Corn Culture
• Mesa people grow corn,
• beans and squash.
• Dig irrigation trenches and
• build dams to hold and
• distribute the water
• to their crops.

14
1.10 Native Americans of the Great Plains

• Buffalo Hunters
• Region extends from the Rockies to the
• Mississippi Valley from Canada to the
• Gulf of Mexico.
• Vast grasslands perfect for animals to graze.
• Western plains tribes follow and hunt buffalo.
• Hunting parties ambush buffalo herds, using
• hardwood bows and wooden arrow tipped with
• sharp stone.
• Using the Buffalo
• Every part of the buffalo is used. Hides
• used for clothing, shields, waterproof
  containers.
• Buffalo hair used for bowstrings and ropes.
• Skins sewn together and fastened around a tall
• cone of poles to make dwellings called tipis.
• Meat not eaten is dried and kept for winter.

15
1.11 Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands

• Plentiful Woods
• Region extends from the Mississippi River
• eastward to the Atlantic Ocean, and from
• Canada to North Carolina.
• Endless forests, lakes and streams.
• Two language groups emerge Algonquian and
• Iroquois.
• Main food supply is deer, bear and small
  animals.
• Iroquois build villages near waterways.
• Log-frame houses, called longhouses
• are about 20x100 feet in size. Many
• families can live in one house.

16
1.11 Continued

• Women Farmers
• Men clear the land by burning away trees and
  underbrush.
• Women do the rest. They plant corn, beans,
  squash.
• Tan deerskins to make skirts and moccasins.
• Grind corn into meal.
• Harvest crops in fall and store in large bark
  bins in longhouses.
• In addition to corn, beans and
• squash, crops also include
• sunflowers,tobacco and other
• veggies still planted in American
• gardens today.

17
1.12 Native Americans of the Southeast

• Towns built Around Mounds
• Stretches from the southern part of the Ohio
  Valley to
• the Gulf of Mexico, and from Texas to the
  Atlantic.
• Fertile coastal plains, river valleys,
  mountains and
• swamps.
• Long, warm, humid summers and mild winters.
• Southeastern peoples towns dominated by
  earthen mounds used for burial sites and as
  platforms for temples.
• Rectangular frame houses built with strips
• of young trees and plastered with clay.
• Secotan Village

18
1.12 Continued

• A Fertile Region
• Long growing season perfect for growing corn,
  beans, squash, pumpkins, and sunflowers.
• Women work the fields.
• Men hunt squirrels, rabbits, turkeys, and deer.
• Women gather edible plants like potatoes, wild
• rice, and persimmons.
• Clothing is simple and made mostly from
• deerskins.
• Decorative jewelry made from stones, shells,
• feathers, pearls,
• bones, and clay.

19
1.13 Summary

• Ancestors of Native Americans migrate from Asia
  across a land bridge during the last ice age.
• Their descendants travel east and south, adapting
  to the challenges of living in many different
  environments.
• They believe that they are a part of nature and
  treat the environment with respect.
• Diverse people who speak many languages.
• Develop different cultures and ways of life.
• Build first towns and villages in North America,
  and are the continents first farmers.

20
Worksheet Activity

• Draw boundaries for each of the 8 regions.
• Color each region a different color.
• On the back, identify three facts from the power
  point for each region. Each fact must be in a
  complete sentence.