French%20Revolution%20

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FrenchRevolution Napoleon

• Unit Three

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Reasons for the French Revolution

In the 1700s, France was the cultural capital of
Europe, home to numerous Enlightenment thinkers,
had wealth from colonies. King Louis XIV was
the most powerful king in Europe After his death
in 1715, Louis XV Louis XVI continued to rule
France as absolute monarchs. But, political
economic problems led to the French Revolution in
1789.
King Louis XVI
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REVOLUTION THREATENS THE KING

• Section One

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The Three Estates

• There were Three Estates in France
• 1. FIRST ESTATE
• The clergy of the Roman Catholic church
• Less than 2 of people in France
• Owned 10 of land, but paid minimal taxes
• 2. SECOND ESTATE
• Less than 1 of people in France
• Aristocrats, nobles, and the super wealthy
• Owned 20 of land, but paid no taxes
• 3. THIRD ESTATE
• Everyone else in France - 97
• Paid 50 of income in taxes
• Made up of peasants (uneducated) and
• BOURGEOISIE the new Middle Class

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The clergy of the Roman Catholic Church made up
the First Estate
Owned 10 of land in France but paid very little
in taxes to the government
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The Second Estate was made up of rich nobles
Owned 20 of French land but were exempt from
paying taxes
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The Third Estate made up 97 of the population
included poor peasants but also the well-educated
middle class (bourgeoisie)
This group paid 50 of their income in taxes
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Louis and Marie

• In 1789, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were the
  King and Queen of France.

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Louis

• Louis XVI was a young king and grew up at
  Versailles
• Very smart and highly educated but not street
  smart
• Relied on advisors
• Inherited a lot of debt
• Trying to become popular, Louis made the mistake
  of re-instating the parlements
• PARLEMENTS groups of nobles who advised Louis on
  his decisions

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Marie

• Marie Antoinette was an Austrian princess, who
  married when she was only 14.
• Received little education.
• She was not well liked at the French court.

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Louis and Marie

• The royal couple had personal problems.
• Marie disapproved of Louis XVs mistress.
• Marie and Louis also had problems with having
  kids.

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Political Problems

• The country was broke, but Louis wanted to help
  the American Revolution.
• This lack of funds led to the Ancien Regime
  Crisis - the major financial crisis of Louis
  reign

Why would Louis be interested in helping the
Americans?
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Financial Crisis

• Louis realized that the way to get France out of
  debt was to fix the tax system
• Proposed increasing taxes on the First and Second
  Estates
• This was rejected by the parlements.

Why would the parlements reject the tax changes??
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Financial Crisis

• Parlements did not want to pay more taxes, so
  convinced Louis not to tax the rich
• Instead Louis increased taxes on the Third Estate
  
• Louis tried to do the right thing, but he wasnt
  firm enough
• Louis had given up his absolute power by relying
  on his advisors too much.

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Assembly of Notables

• Louis realized the tax collection system was not
  going to fix itself
• Louis made a new group to pass his laws
• ASSEMBLY OF NOTABLES group created by Louis XVI
  to go around the parlements and change tax laws
• Parlements looked for a new way to keep control

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Assembly of Notables

• Parlements found an old law that said Louis
  couldnt create the Assembly of Notables
• The law said that in timesof crisis the King
  had to call a meeting of the Estates-General

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Estates-General

• ESTATES GENERAL meeting of representatives from
  EVERY estate
• Parlements thought they could control the
  estates-general
• Parlements assumed the people from the Third
  Estate would be uneducated peasants
• The Third Estate were members of the bourgeoisie

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Estates-General Meets

• By May, 1789, the Estates-General was ready to
  meet
• Considered the un-official start of the French
  Revolution
• Third Estate wanted to completely dissolve the
  entire estates system
• Third Estate wanted a National Assembly to
  re-write French laws

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Tennis Court Oath

• The next day, when the members of the Third
  Estate showed up to the meeting room to discuss
  the National Assembly, they found it locked
• The First and Second Estates thought the
  bourgeoisie would give up and go home

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Tennis Court Oath

• In the Tennis Court, the members of the Third
  Estate (bourgeoisie sans culottes) said this
• We agree never to separate, and to meet wherever
  circumstances demand, until the constitution of
  the kingdom is established and affirmed on solid
  foundations".
• This is called the Tennis Court Oath.

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Tennis Court Oath

• Members of the Third Estate agreed to keep
  meeting until they created a Constitution that
  was fair to all France.
• Though this was a good idea, other people took a
  more violent route

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The Bastille

• Louis was afraid that the National Assembly was
  going to get violent and called the army into
  Paris
• The bourgeoisie saw the soldiers and thought they
  were in danger
• On July 14, 1789, the bourgeoisie stormed the
  Bastille.

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Storming the Bastille

• The Bastille was a prison and armory.
• The bourgeoisie wanted to get extra weapons and
  free the prisoners.
• This was a SUCCESS got weapons and freed
  prisoners
• It was also FAILURE weapons were useless and
  there were only 7 prisoners
• The guards didnt fire on the people - they were
  concerned about killing innocent citizens.
• Bourgeoisie responded by capturing the commandant
  and cutting off his head.

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August Days

• August 1789 National Assembly began to make
  changes to France
• August 4 National Assembly abolishes feudalism
• August 26 National Assembly writes The
  Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
• DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE CITIZEN
  fundamental document of French Revolution that
  sets forth human rights

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Female Response

• Declaration did not include women
• Women of France had been highly involved in the
  Revolution up until this point
• In response to the Mens Declaration, Olympe de
  Gouges wrote her own Declaration Declaration of
  the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

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Women March on Versailles

• In October, 1789, there was a scarcity of bread
  and flour in Paris.
• Complaints over bread prices escalated into a
  riot
• Mob grew into the thousands.

Together, the women stormed a local armory and
stole all the weapons. Armed and angry, the women
headed to Versailles where they kidnapped the
royal family and brought them back to Paris.
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Writing a Constitution

• By 1790, the National Assembly was focusing on
  creating a constitution
• Set new guidelines for the Catholic Church
• The new French Constitution was written by July
  1791
• It made France into a Constitutional Monarchy
• CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY form of government where
  king or queen acts as head of state within limits
  set by a constitution

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Writing a Constitution

• The National Assembly dissolved itself and formed
  the Legislative Assembly
• LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY the group who would
  actually make the laws that would govern France
• Split into two groups - one more liberal, and one
  more conservative
• When the group met, the more liberal members
  would sit in the left wing of the room - the
  conservative members in the right wing

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Declaration of Pillnitz

• In August of 1791, the Kings of Prussia and
  Austria were prepared to declare war.
• They said that if the Legislative Assembly
  harmed the King in any way, they would see it
  as an act of war and invade France.

Emperor Leopold II (Austria)
Marie Antoinettes Brother
King Fredrick Wilhelm II (Prussia)
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Who Wanted War?

• Louis XVI wanted war believed he would be
  reinstated as absolute monarch
• Austria and Prussia wanted war to support
  their allies
• Legislative Assembly wanted war to spread
  nationalism and show their strength

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War!

• The Legislative Assembly forced Louis to declare
  war on Prussia and Austria. Louis was happy to do
  this - he wanted war too. He was hoping Austria
  and Prussia would invade, and save him. Prussia
  and Austria invaded France and the peasants rose
  up and defended their country. Everything was
  going according to plan for the Legislative
  Assembly!
• Prussia and Austria invaded France. They had
  several victories, but were forced out by the
  French. The French army then moved into the rest
  of Europe, taking land in the Netherlands (owned
  by Austria), and German-controlled areas
  (Prussian). It looked like everything was going
  well for France

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REFORM AND TERROR

• Section Two

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Sans Culottes

• People were worried that France would lose the
  war
• SANS-CULOTTES tradesmen who tended to be less
  political and more action-oriented than the
  bourgeoisie.
• The sans-culottes instated their own, more
  radical government, called The Convention
• The Convention was radical

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Regicide

• The Convention put Louis XVI on trial for treason
• Louis was found guilty, and executed by
  guillotine
• REGICIDE act of killing the king
• Killing the king was a huge change in the
  direction of the revolution

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The Terror

• This was the beginning of The Terror
• Maximilien Robespierre was in charge of The
  Terror
• Robespierre was head of a newly formed Committee
  for Public Safety
• The job of the Committee was to flush out
  Anti-Revolutionaries

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Background of the Terror

• France was now officially a Republic
• There were two rival factions in this new
  government Girondists and Jacobins
• GIRONDISTS preferred to talk about problems
  rather than take action made up most of the
  Legislative Assembly
• JACOBINS radical and wanted change, and were not
  afraid of violence.
• Jacobins gained a majority in the government by
  arresting Girondists

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The Jacobins

• The Jacobins were led by three important figures
  
• Maximilian Robespierre
• Head of the Committee for Public Safety
• Georges Danton
• Political leader
• Jean-Paul Marat
• Political writer who was very popular with the
  people of France

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The Law of Suspects

• The Law of Suspects said that anyone who did not
  follow the new government, or who was considered
  an enemy of the revolution, could be arrested
  (and usually executed). These people were
  officially charged with crimes against liberty.
  Most people executed for violating the Law of
  Suspects were accused of minor crimes.

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Other Changes

• The Committee for Public Safety was not all bad
  and made other changes to France, including
  gender equality and universal education. The
  Committee wanted to get rid of the Church and
  believed that God did not exist anymore. The
  Committee also decided to change the calendar,
  removing all religious holidays and the weekends.
  The French Republican Calendar was made up of 12
  months. Each month had three weeks. Each week was
  10 days long. On the 10th day of each week, there
  was a day of rest, but this was not religious.
  Year 1 of the calendar was 1792 - the beginning
  of the French Republic. Months and days of the
  week were also re-named, to remove any religious
  connotation.

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The Terror Continues

• By 1794, The Terror was getting more out of hand
• 30,000 people were executed in Paris alone
• People were reporting their neighbors as enemies
  to throw suspicion off of themselves.
• There was a mob mentality - anyone who started
  being too popular was executed

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Death of Robespierre

• By July of 1794, a group of bourgeoisie members
  of the Convention managed to arrest Robespierre
• Robespierre was sent to the guillotine

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The Directory

• Because of The Terror, the Committee for Public
  Safety and the Convention were removed from
  power.
• The Directory - made up of Bourgeoisie, was now
  in control of Paris.
• Not very popular because no one trusted them

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NAPOLEON FORGES AN EMPIRE

• Section three

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Earlier Life Military Career

• Napoleon was born on Corsica - a
  French-controlled island between France and
  Italy. He was born Napoleone di Buonaparte, but
  when he joined the army, he changed his name to
  sound more French. Napoleons family was minor
  nobility - this meant Napoleon was part of the
  Second Estate. However, Napoleon presented
  himself as a Son of the Revolution. Though
  Napoleons family was old nobility, they had
  little power.
• Napoleon pursued a military career - attending
  three different academies. He became an artillery
  officer. Napoleon rose quickly through the ranks
  in the military, and became very popular. Early
  military achievements included fighting in the
  Corsican branch of the French Revolution, and
  later managed to push British troops away from
  French shores.

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Napoleon as General

• Napoleon was popular with the Directory. The
  Directory gave him control of the Army of Italy
  (a branch of the French Army). Napoleon took
  control of parts of italy, forced Austria to
  surrender, and wanted to attack England. However
  England had a powerful navy, so instead, Napoleon
  traveled to Egypt.

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Napoleons Popularity

• Napoleon established a meritocracy
• MERITOCRACY system of promotion and reward based
  on ability, not on nobility or wealth
• people liked Napoleon
• Napoleon lived like a solider
• Napoleon was also a political writer

Why would this make Napoleon so popular?
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Coup dEtat

• Napoleon returned to France from Egypt to find
  that the Directory was unpopular and failing. He
  was approached by Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, who had
  been a member of the Directory. Sieyès was
  planning a Coup dEtat and wanted Napoleons
  support.

Sieyès did not intend to share his power - he
only wanted Napoleons popularity to help him get
support.
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Control of France

• Napoleon was put in charge of the military
• the legislature dissolved the directory
• Legislature established the consulate
• CONSULATE government of the first French
  republic
• Napoleon assumed dictatorial powers as first
  consul
• COUP DETAT seizure of power blow of state

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Napoleon Rules France

• Napoleon pretended to be constitutionally chosen
• Plebiscite was held to approve new constitution
• PLEBISCITE vote of the people
• Napoleon set up tax collection system
  established national bank

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Other Napoleonic Reforms

• Established Lycees
• LYCEES government run public schools
• Worked to restore the church
• Signed a concordat with Pope Pius VII recognizing
  church influence
• CONCORDAT agreement

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Napoleonic Code

Napoleons Code (with changes) was so successful
that it was implemented in many other European
countries.

• Before Napoleon, there was no concrete set of
  laws for France. The Code gave the country a
  uniform set of laws and eliminated injustices. It
  also limited liberty and individual rights by
  restricting freedom of speech and the press. The
  code also restored slavery in French colonies.

The Code (with amendments) is still in use in
modern France.
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Napoleon Crowned as Emperor

• In 1804, Napoleon decided to make himself emperor
  
• Supported by French citizens
• On the day of his coronation, before the pope
  could crown him, Napoleon crowned himself
• Arrogant gesture signaled that Napoleon was more
  powerful than the church

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Emperor Napoleon
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Emperor Napoleon

• Not content to rule france
• Wanted to rule all of Europe
• Offered to sell Louisiana Territory to the U.S.
  and Jefferson agreed to buy it for 15 million
• Sale of Louisiana benefited Napoleon by
• Gaining money to finance operations
• Further punishment for his British enemies

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Napoleonic Wars

• Napoleon set out to conquer Europe
• Lost only the Battle of Trafalgar to Britain in
  1805
• British navy destroyed the French fleet with 2
  major results
• Assured supremacy of British navy
• Forced Napoleon to give up invading Britain

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Control of Europe

• From 1805-1810, Napoleons army was unstoppable.
  Napoleon forced Austria and Prussia to become his
  allies and gained control of Italy, and Italian
  city-states. Napoleon gained land in the
  Rhineland, and added Holland and Spain to his
  empire. He forced Norway and Denmark to become
  allies with France.

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Europe in 1812
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Napoleons Three Costly Mistakes

• In his efforts to extend the French Empire and
  crush Britain, Napoleon made 3 costly and
  disastrous mistakes
• The Continental System
• The Peninsular War
• Invasion of Russia

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The Continental System

• Napoleon instituted a blockade between Britain
  and rest of Europe
• Goal was to make Europe self-sufficient
• Britain instituted their own blockade
• Weakened the French Empires economy more than it
  damaged Britain

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The Peninsular War

• Napoleon sent an army through Spain to invade
  Portugal
• Spanish peasants known as guerrillas attacked
  French armies
• Napoleon lost 300,000 men during this war

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Invasion of Russia

• invasion was successful at first
• At the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon conquered
  Moscow
• Russia implemented a Scorched Earth Policy to
  thwart invaders
• SCORCHED EARTH POLICY practice of burning crops
  and killing livestock so that the enemy cannot
  live off the land

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Napoleon in Russia

Russia would use the same scorched earth policy
to defeat Hitler and the Nazis during WWII.

• Eventually, Napoleons army ran out of food.
  While Napoleon was in Russia, people in the rest
  of Europe were rising up and revolting. He needed
  to retreat, and return to France to preserve his
  Empire.

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Napoleon Defeated
Napoleon was forced to surrender, and exiled to
the island of Elba.

• By the time Napoleon got back to France, it was
  too late. Britain had re-instated old rulers
  throughout Europe, including France. Britain put
  Louis XVIII on the throne of France (the grandson
  of Louis XVI) and Napoleon was forced to
  surrender in April 1814 and was exiled to the
  island of Elba.

Why would he be exiled and not killed?
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Return of Napoleon

• Napoleon became bored of exile and decided to
  return to France in March 1815. French King
  immediately sent the army to arrest him. Napoleon
  greeted the army Here I am. Kill your Emperor,
  if you wish, and they switched over to his side.
  Napoleon marched on Paris and conquered it.

Napoleons aide (in exile with him) advised
Napoleon not to return to France, saying that the
King would send the army against him. Napoleon
responded by saying, Who in my army would shoot
me.
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Return of Napoleon

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100 Days Battle of Waterloo

• Napoleon ruled France again for 100 days. The
  Coalition Powers - British, Austria, Prussia, and
  Russia - reunited to push Napoleon out of France.
  Everything came down to the Battle of Waterloo.
  British forces were led by the Duke of
  Wellington. The battle was evenly matched, but
  Wellington got the advantage and outmaneuvered
  Napoleon. Napoleon was captured.

Napoleons aide (in exile with him) advised
Napoleon not to return to France, saying that the
King would send the army against him. Napoleon
responded by saying, Who in my army would shoot
me.
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Defeat and Exile (Again)

• Napoleon surrendered at Waterloo and was exiled
  to St. Helena - an island 3000 miles away
  from Europe, in the middle of the Atlantic.
• Napoleon died at age 52, and official autopsy
  shows he had stomach cancer, but there are
  theories that he was poisoned.

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CONGRESS OF VIENNA

• Section Five

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The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 June
9, 1815)
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Congress of Vienna

• Coalition Powers met to decide the fate of
  European nations
• goal was to establish long-lasting peace and
  stability in Europe

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Goals for the Congress

• The most influential leader of the meeting was
  foreign minister of Austria Prince Klemens von
  Metternich
• Three goals set
• Containment of France
• Balance of Power
• Legitimacy of Government

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1. Containment of France

• Wanted to prevent French aggression by
  surrounding France with strong countries
• Created the Kingdom of the Netherlands
• Combined 39 German states into the German
  Confederation (dominated by Austria)
• Switzerland became independent
• Kingdom of Sardinia (in Italy) adds Genoa

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2. Balance of Power

• Did not severely punish France for fear that
  they might try to seek revenge
• France became a major, but weakened European
  nation.
• No Country Could Easily Overpower Another

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3. Legitimate Governments

• Returned monarchs to power in the countries in
  which Napoleon drove them out
• The Congress believed this would stabilize
  political relations among nations

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Major Accomplishments

• Everyone treated fairly
• Created a balance of power in Europe with no
  immediate threat of war
• Monarchs remained in control absolute monarchs
  in Central and Eastern Europe and constitutional
  monarchs in Britain and France

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Long Term Legacy

• Many Latin American colonies revolt demanding
  independence
• France weakened, but Britain and Prussia
  increase power
• Nationalism spreads in regions put under foreign
  control
• French Revolution allows people to see democracy
  as the best way to ensure equality and justice
  the trend begins!