Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life

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Title: Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life


1
Goal 4 Unity and Diversity of Life
2
4.01 Classification
  • History
  • Two Kingdoms Plants and Animals
  • Three Kingdoms Plants, Animals and Protists
  • Five Kingdoms Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi
    and Monera
  • Why do the kingdoms keep changing?

3
Taxons of Classification
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species

4
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5
Binomial Nomenclature
  • Two name system of classification.
  • Examples
  • Homo sapien
  • Canis familiaris
  • Felis domesticus
  • Quercus alba

6
Basis of Classification
  • Evolutionary phylogeny
  • DNA/biochemical analysis
  • Embryology
  • Morphology

7
Phylogenetic Trees
  • Used to show relationships between organisms.
  • Who evolved first.
  • Which organisms are either very closely related
    or distantly related.

8
Phylogenetic Trees cont
  • Which phylum is the most closely related to the
    Chordata?
  • Which phylum
  • evolved first?
  • Between Arthropoda,
  • Annelida and
  • Mollusca? Who
  • evolved first?

9
Biochemical Analysis
  • Biochemical or DNA similarities help to
    demonstrate relatedness between organisms.
  • (cytochrome C is a protein found in the
    mitochondria)

10
Embryology
  • Similarities during embryological development can
    demonstrate how two organisms are related.

11
Morphology
  • Similarities in the structure of these frog
    skulls ( 6 different species) show how closely
    they are related.

12
Cell Types
  • Prokaryotes
  • No nucleus (no nuclear membrane)
  • Ribosomes
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Small primitive
  • Circular DNA (one chromosome)

13
Cell Types cont
  • Eukaryotic
  • Nucleus (nuclear membrane)
  • Membrane bound organelles, have ribosomes
  • Large complex

14
Overview of the Eukaryotic Kingdoms
  • Kingdom Protista

15
Kingdom Protista
  • Unicellular and multicellular
  • Heterotrophic and autotrophic
  • Sexual and asexual reproduction
  • Close association with water
  • Often referred to as the dumping ground
  • Ex algae, protozoans, fungus-like protists

16
Kingdom Fungi
17
Kingdom Fungi
  • Unicellular (yeast) though most are multicellular
  • Heterotrophic
  • Reproduce asexually (spores) and sexually
  • Cell walls made of chitin (polysaccharide)

18
Kingdom Plantae
19
Kingdom Plantae
  • Autotrophic (carries out photosynthesis
  • True roots, stems, leaves
  • Multicellular
  • Sessile
  • - Chloroplasts and cell walls

20
Kingdom Animalia
21
Kingdom Animalia
  • Heterotophs
  • Able to move at some point in their life
  • Multicellular

22
4.02 Analyze essential life functions of specific
representatives
  • Transport How organisms move food and wastes
    throughout their bodies.
  • Excretion How organisms get rid of their waste
    and balance their fluids.
  • Regulation How organisms control body processes
    i.e. hormones and nervous system
  • Respiration How organisms exchange gases (O2
    and CO2) with the environment

23
Cont
  • Nutrition How organisms break down and absorb
    foods.
  • Synthesis How organisms build necessary
    molecules.
  • Reproduction Continuation of the species thru
    sexual or asexual reproduction.
  • Growth and Development

24
Unicellular Protists
  • Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
  • Transport, Excretion and Respiration osmosis,
    diffusion, active transport
  • Nutrition food vacuoles
  • Reproduction mostly asexual, binary fission

25
Annelid Worms
26
Annelid Worms
  • Transport five hearts, dorsal and ventral blood
    vessel, closed system
  • Excretion nephridia, kidney-like structures
    found on every segment
  • Regulation dorsal brain, ventral nerve cord
  • Respiration breath through their skin

27
Worms cont
  • Nutrition crop (storage), gizzard (grinds),
    intestine (chemical digestion)
  • Reproduction worms are hermaphroditic, exchange
    sperm and lay eggs
  • Development from eggs

28
Insects
29
Insects
  • Transport open circulatory system
  • Excretion Malpighian tubules
  • Regulation hormones, nervous system, pheromones
  • Respiration tubes called tracheae
  • Nutrition insects have a wide variety of mouth
    parts to eat a variety of foods

30
Insects cont
  • Reproduction/Development metamorphosis
  • Incomplete egg ? young ? adult
  • Complete egg ? larva ? pupa ? adult

31
Amphibians
32
Amphibians
  • Transport closed circulatory system
  • Excretion kidneys/urinary bladder
  • Regulation hormones (control metamorphosis),
    nervous system
  • Respiration gills, lungs, skin
  • Nutrition larva (herbivores), adults
    (carnivores)

33
Amphibians cont
  • Reproduction sexual, external fertilization and
    development
  • Development metamorphosis
  • Egg ? larva ?
  • adult

34
Mammalia
35
Mammalia
  • Transport closed circulatory system
  • Excretion kidneys
  • Regulation hormones, well developed nervous
    system (developed senses)
  • Respiration lungs
  • Nutrition digestive tracts vary according to
    what the animal eats

36
Mammalia cont
  • Reproduction sexual with internal fertilization
  • Development
  • External ? duck billed platypus and spiny
    anteater lay eggs
  • Internal ?Marsupials partial placental
  • Most mammals have a well developed placenta
    (uterus)

37
Internal Development
38
Non vascular plants
39
Non Vascular Plants
  • Mosses and liverworts
  • Transport no xylem and phloem, must use osmosis
    and diffusion
  • Respiration gas exchange through diffusion
  • Synthesis carry out photosynthesis and make
    sugars and other macromolecules

40
Non Vascular Plants
  • Reproduction fertilization requires water for
    sperm to swim to egg
  • Development moss cycle between a sexual phase
    with egg and sperm and an asexual phase that
    makes spores

41
Gymnosperms
42
Gymnosperms
  • Means naked seed, includes the conifers
  • Transport xylem and phloem
  • Respiration CO2, H2O and O2 move in and out of
    leaf through stomata
  • Synthesis photosynthesis
  • Reproduction sperm is now inside a pollen grain

43
Gymnosperms
  • Pollination sperm moves from male cones to
    female cones via wind
  • Fertilization sperm and egg unite on the female
    cone and produce seeds

44
Angiosperms
45
Angiosperms
  • Flowering plants
  • Transport xylem and phloem
  • Regulation plant hormones like auxin, cause
    stems to bend
  • Respiration stomata
  • Synthesis photosynthesis
  • Reproduction pollination and fertilization

46
Angiosperms
  • Pollination occurs through wind and pollinators
    like bees, hummingbirds and bats
  • Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed
    dispersal.
  • Ovary can become a fruit or some other structure
    that aids dispersal

47
Stomata
48
4.03 Adaptations affecting survival and
reproductive success
  • Form
  • And
  • Function

49
Feeding Adaptations
  • Mosquitoes mouth is adapted to suck blood
  • Snakes jaws unhinge to take in whole prey

50
Reproductive Adaptations
  • Male birds using elaborate mating displays or
    rituals to attract females.

51
Reproductive Adaptations
  • Male frogs have thumb pads to hold onto female
    when mating. Ensures egg and sperm will meet.

52
Adaptations to Life on LandPlants
  • Vascular Tissue xylem and phloem transport
    materials and support
  • Cuticle waxy covering to prevent dehydration
  • Pollen allows fertilization without water

53
Adaptations to Life on LandAnimals
  1. Gills become lungs
  2. Moist skin becomes thick with scales or other
    coverings prevent dehydration
  3. Internal fertilization
  4. Amniote egg
  5. Legs move under the animal to allow easier
    movement

54
Pathogens
  • Disease causing organisms

55
Virus
  • Protein coat (capsid) surrounds core of nucleic
    acid (DNA or RNA)
  • Needs a host cell to reproduce (invades)
  • Specific for a particular host
  • Able to mutate
  • HIV, Flu, smallpox

56
Bacteria
  • Prokaryote
  • Able to mutate (resistance to antibiotics)
  • Streptococcus
  • Salmonella
  • Botulism
  • MRSA (staph)

57
Co-evolution
  • When two species evolve together
  • Mantis mimics orchid

58
Co-evolution
  • Fly orchid looks and smells similar to female
    wasp. Male mates with it and transfers pollen
    from one flower to the next.

59
4.04 Health and Disease
  • Role of genetics and the environment
  • Sickle cell anemia and malaria
  • Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco use
  • Skin cancer sun exposure
  • Sun exposure and vitamin D and folic acid
  • 5. Diabetes (environment and genetics)
  • 6. PKU and diet

60
Immune System
  • Antigens foreign protein (bacteria, virus,
    fungus, transplanted organ)
  • Antibodies proteins your body makes to defend
    itself against antigens

61
Cells of the Immune System
  • B cells
  • - Make antibodies
  • T cells
  • Help B cells make antibodies
  • Kill infected cells

62
Types of Immunity
  • Active
  • Your body makes the antibodies
  • Ex having the disease, getting a vaccination
  • Passive
  • You get the antibodies from another source
  • Ex from mother thru the placenta or mothers
    milk, from a shot (rabies shot)

63
Vaccine
  • Given a shot of dead or weakened pathogens
  • Your body makes antibodies in response to the
    antigens
  • You are left with memory cells

64
Nutrition
  • What makes up a healthy diet?
  • What is poor nutrition?
  • obesity
  • malnutrition
  • iron or calcium deficiency
  • vitamin deficiency

65
Parasites - Plasmodium
  • Malaria caused by the protist, Plasmodium.
  • Vector Mosquito
  • Symptoms fever, chills, headache, nausea
  • Treatments
  • Prevention
  • Antimalarial drugs
  • No vaccine

Plasmodium destroying red blood cells
66
Toxins - environmental
  • Lead -
  • Heavy metal, builds up over time
  • Exposure more serious in children
  • Symptoms reduced IQ, slowed body growth, hearing
    problems, behavior or attention problems, failure
    at school, kidney damage
  • Sources paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerware

67
Toxins - Environmental
  • Mercury
  • Heavy metal, builds up over time
  • Sources glass thermometers, electrical switches,
    fluorescent light bulbs, fish
  • Symptoms numbness or pain in certain parts of
    your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor,
    inability to walk well, blindness and double
    vision, memory problems, seizures and death (with
    large exposures)
  • Very dangerous for fetuses dev. brain

68
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