The%20Theories%20of%20PSYCHOLOGY

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The Theories of PSYCHOLOGY
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(No Transcript)
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Psychoanalytic Theory of Development

• Freuds theory of development, which proceeds in
  discrete stages, is determined largely by
  biologically based drives shaped by encounters
  with the environment and through the interaction
  of three components of personality-
  _______________________________.

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Sigmund Freud

• He said that the mind was controlled by three
  parts the id, ego, and superego.
• Id- _______________________________
• Ego- ____________________________________________
• Superego- ________________________________________
  .

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____
__________
_____
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Oedipus/Electra Complex

• _____________________ - A period of time in which
  a boy is sexually attracted to his mother.
• _____________________ - A period of time in which
  a girl is sexually attracted to her father.

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Freuds Developmental stages (handout)
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Defence Mechanisms

• In psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective
  methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously
  distorting reality.
• ____________________- An excuse we come up with
  in order to explain failure, loss, error, or bad
  behaviour.
• Ex. I didnt get the job I wanted because the
  person who got hired is related to the manager.
• _____________________- Taking our
  anger/frustration out on someone else because of
  an earlier situation.
• Ex. A friend makes fun of you in front of someone
  you are trying to impress, you later take your
  frustration out on your parents.

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Defence mechanisms cont.

• __________________- Pushing unpleasant
  thoughts/urges into our subconscious minds. Is a
  problem as can resurface as sarcasm, physical
  problem, etc.
• Ex. Man finds mothers traits annoying however
  puts them into his subconscious mind, where he is
  later sarcastic to is wife who carries the same
  traits.
• ____________________- Seeing negative traits in
  other people that we carry but can not admit to.
  
• Ex. Someone who drives you crazy may have
  personality traits you have been trying to hide.

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Alfred Adler

• Although Adler one of Freuds colleagues agreed
  with many of his perspectives he also developed
  his own theories.
• He felt that peoples lives are
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________.

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Carl Jung

• Jung divides the psyche into 3 parts
• Ego _____________________
• Personal Unconscious __________________________
• _______________________________________________
• Differs from Freuds theory because
  __________________________________________.
• Example Both memories that are easily brought
  to mind and those that have been suppressed.

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Carl Jung

• Collective Unconscious _________________________
  ______
• __________________________________________________
  ____
• Unconscious mind contains both personal
  experiences and common cultural experiences which
  are called the collective unconscious.
• Although we all possess a collective
  consciousness, we can never be directly conscious
  of it.
• It influences our experiences and behaviours
  especially ones related to emotion.

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Carl Jung

• Examples of Experiences that show the effects of
  the collective unconscious
• Déjà vu (the feeling that you have been there
  before)
• Love at first sight
• The immediate recognition of certain symbols
• Near death experience
• These examples could be understood as a sudden
  conjunction of our outer reality and the inner
  reality of the collective consciousness.

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Psychosocial

• A theory of development that says that
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________.

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Erickson (handout)

• Erickson believed that the development of self
  does not end with the child or adolescent stage.
• He explained that there are many stages of life
  he referred to as the psychological stages.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________.
• Failure to meet the requirements of one stage can
  prevent an individual from succeeding in the next
  stage.

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Cognitive Social Learning Theory

• Cognitive learning theory says that
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________.
• Sesame Street
• Dora
• Barney

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Piaget Theory

• Two complementary cognitive processes play a role
  in the development of the child.
• First, children use what they have already
  learned in the world, ___________________________
  _________.
• Secondly, children _____________ the framework
  in order to accommodate the new knowledge gained
  from their environments.

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Psychoanalysis

• A process whereby patients _______________ their
  background, feelings and experiences with a
  trained therapist.

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Karen Horney

• She felt that _________________________________
• ___________________________________________.
• She felt that those who experienced love and
  worth as
• a child would develop positive aspects of
  personality, whereas those who do not will
  develop defence mechanisms to protect themselves.
  
• She disagreed with Freuds view that women are
  inferior to men. She proposed that men are in
  fact
• inferior to women as they can have babies.

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Functionalism

• _________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _________________________________________.

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William James

• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________.
• He also believed that mental characteristics
  developed
• and adapted enabling individuals to survive and
  solve problems.
• Through his studies he was able to examine
  society and how the development of children,
  education, and society could be improved.
• He also made observations on the behavioural
  differences of men and women.

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Behaviourism

• A theory that explains that ______________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________ about motives or
  unobservable behaviour.

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What do you associate with?

• Food?
• Exams?
• Home?

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Pavlov Conditioning

• When studying dogs digestion he stumbled upon the
  phenomenon of ________________.
• He noticed that the dogs not only salivated when
  they could visually see the meat, but also before
  the meat was in their vision.

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Pavlov Conditioning

• He decided to further test this discovery with a
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________.
• The experiment went as Pavlov expected and the
  dogs did begin to salivate at the sound of the
  bell.
• This theory made people realize the importance of
  cognitive processes (thoughts, perceptions,
  expectations) on an organisms capacity for
  learning.

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B.F. Skinner Watson

• Wondered if Pavlovs principles of stimulus and
  response could explain more complex behaviour.
• He noted that most behaviour takes place
  voluntarily before being triggered by outside
  events. Ex. Waving your hand to call a cab and
  it stops.

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• Skinner put a rat in a cage with a bar that when
  pushed dispersed a food pellet. When the rat
  realized that this was how they could attain
  their food they began to press the bar whenever
  they needed a food pellet. This is called
  ____________________________.
• Operant conditioning affects our life in many
  ways as we now realize ___________________________
  ______
• __________________________________________.

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STRUCTURALISM

• The observation of the inner workings of the mind
  by conducting experiments on _____________________
  ______________________.

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William Wundt

• Studied psychology with inquires into language,
  art, social customs, laws, and morals.
• He is said to have developed the basis of
  psychology, however his theories are rarely used
  today.

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Zimbardo Experiment (article/video)

• Philip Zimbardo studied how roles affect
  behaviour, by setting up a mock prison.
• In the prison volunteers played the roles of the
  prisoners and the guards.
• As the days progressed in the prison the
  individuals began to believe that they were
  actually prisoners or guards and started to take
  their roles seriously.

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• After 6 days they had to cut the study short as
  this study was beginning to hurt the boys both
  mentally and physically.
• This shows ______________________________________
  ______________________________________________.

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Harlow

• Psychologists Mary and Harry Harlow originally
  isolated monkeys in order to produce disease free
  specimens.
• While the monkeys were confined, they were
  beginning to show side effects such as staring
  into space, rocking back and forth, going into
  rages when people approached. Some of the mother
  monkeys would even attack their young or ignore
  them completely.
• They decided to test these side effects further
  by raising the moneys with a surrogate mother who
  was either wire or cloth.

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• They realized the monkeys spent most of their
  time with the cuddling with the soft monkey and
  just being near the wire monkey long enough to
  feed.
• Later they brought in loud noises and mechanical
  monsters into the monkey cages. The monkeys
  raised by the cloth mother would run to her to
  gain courage and then investigate the problem,
  whereas the monkeys raised by the wire monkey
  cringed with fear in the corner.

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• Harlows experiments are important as they show
  the ____________________________. They also show
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________.

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Stanley Milgram

• The goal of his experiments were to test the
  power of conformity.
• In his experiment, a researcher dressed in a
  white lab coat, instructed a subject to teach
  pairs of words to a learner who was seated out
  of sight of the teacher.
• Whenever the learner made a mistake he was to
  receive an electric shock, the severity of the
  shocks were to increase with every mistake.

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• The interesting part was that the learner was not
  actually receiving the shocks, but the teacher
  did not know that. The learner acted as though
  he was receiving the up to 450 volts of
  electricity.
• Milligram found that most of the teachers would
  administer shocks right up to the most severe
  level.
• This experiment shows ____________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______.
• Comparisons have been made to the Nazi soldiers
  of the Holocaust.