Ap psychology: unit III

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Introductory Psychology Developmental Psychology

• Ap psychology unit III

Topic Prenatal Development
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Developmental Psychology Prenatal Development

• Part one

I felt like a man trapped inside of a womans
bodyand then I was born


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Prenatal Development Conception

• Conception
• A single sperm cell penetrates the outer coating
  of the egg and fuses to form one fertilized cell,
  otherwise known as a zygote
• Your most fortunate of moments
• Out of the 200 million sperm 5,000 eggs, yours
  won the race!!

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Prenatal Development Conception
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Prenatal Development Conception
The first known photo of Michael Phelps
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Prenatal Development Stages

• Prenatal Development
• The period that extends from conception to birth,
  usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy
• General Overview
• Zygote conception to 2 weeks
• Embryo 2 weeks to 8 weeks
• Fetus 9 weeks to birth

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Prenatal Development Stages

• The Germinal Stage (1)
• The phase encompassing the
  two weeks following conception
• During this period
• The zygote moves towards the uterus begins to
  implant in the lining
• Placenta umbilical cord begin to form
• Cells begin to differentiate
• Less than half of all zygotes survive beyond
  the first two weeks

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Prenatal Development Stages

• The Embryonic Stage (2)
• The phase lasting from two weeks until the end of
  the second month
• Once the developing organism firmly attaches to
  the uterus, it is called an embryo
• During this period
• Major organs structures begin to develop
• By the end of this period
• Embryo is 1-inch long
• Has primitive eyes, nose, lips, teeth, arms
  legs
• Heart beat

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Embryo at 40 days (approximately 6 weeks)
Embryo at 45 days (approximately 7 weeks)
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Prenatal Development Stages

• The Fetal Stage (3)
• The phase lasting from two months through birth
• Eight weeks after fertilization the embryo
  becomes a fetus
• During this period
• The fetus experiences tremendous growth
• The muscles begin to contract
• The baby moves into position

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Developmental Psychology Prenatal Factors

• Part two

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Prenatal Factors Critical Periods

• Critical Periods
• Times during which certain environmental
  influences can have an impact on the development
  of the infant
• In terms of STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT, most critical
  periods occur during the embryonic stage

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Prenatal Factors Critical Periods

• Teratogens
• Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can
  reach
  the embryo or fetus
  during prenatal development and
  
  cause harm

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Teratogenic Agent Effect on Development
Rubella Blindness deafness heart defects brain damage
Marijuana Irritability nervousness tremors
Cocaine Decreased height low birth weight respiratory problems learning difficulties seizures
Alcohol FAS (mental retardation, delayed growth, facial malformation) learning difficulties smaller than normal head size
Nicotine Miscarriage low birth weight stillbirth short stature mental retardation learning disabilities
Mercury Mental retardation blindness
Syphilis Mental retardation deafness meningitis
Caffeine Miscarriage low birth weight
Radiation Higher incidence of cancers physical deformities
Water Temperature Increased chance of neural tube defects
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Prenatal Factors Critical Periods
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Developmental Psychology The Newborn

• Part three

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The Newborn Baby
aka NEONATE
I WANT BACK IN!
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The Newborn Assessment

• Assessment Scoring System
• Activity (muscle tone dealing with spontaneous
  movement)
• Pulse (heart rate)
• Grimace (reflex irritability cries, pulls away,
  coughs, etc.)
• Appearance (skin color)
• Respiration (breathing a good, healthy cry)
• Score between 0-10

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The Newborn Reflexes

• Rooting Reflex
• A newborns tendency, when touched on the cheek,
  to turn toward the touch, open the mouth search
  for the nipple
• Sucking Reflex
• A newborns tendency to suck on objects that are
  placed in mouth

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The Newborn Reflexes

• Grasping Reflex
• A newborns tendency to close fist
  around
  anything placed in their hand
• Stepping Reflex
• A newborns tendency to make
  
  stepping motions when held
  upright
• Startle (Moro) Reflex
• A newborns tendency to throw
  
  head back, extend arms/legs, cry bring
  arms/legs back in when startled

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The Newborn Sensory Development

• Well-to-fully developed at birth
• Touch (skin-to-womb contact)
• Smell (mothers milk v. imposters milk)
• Taste (preference for sweet)
• Less developed at birth
• Hearing (fluids most responsive to high
  low-pitches)
• Vision (rods are well-developed, cones are not)
• Depth Perception (The Visual Cliff)

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The Newborn Sensory Development
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The Newborn Cognitive Development

• Habituation
• Decreasing responsiveness with repeated
  stimulation
• As infants gain familiarity with repeated
  exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest
  wanes and they will look away sooner
• Infants pay more attention to new objects than
  habituated ones
• Demonstrates learning