Migration%20

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Migration Its Causes
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A. MIGRATION

• migration the permanent long-term relocation
  from one place to another

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• voluntary migration people have a choice to
  move or stay
• reluctant migration less than fully voluntary,
  but not forced
• Such as
• - any economic migrant
• - 75 million people from Europe to Americas
  (1835-1935)
• - Indonesia resettlement from overcrowded Java

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Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to
the U.S., but migrants have also come from
numerous other Latin American nations
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Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Migration in 2001. The largest numbers of
migrants from Asia come from India, China, the
Philippines, and Vietnam
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• forced migration imposed relocation by one
  group over another causing refugees
• Ex.
• - African slavery
• - Australian convicts
• - Siberian labor camps
• - Trail of Tears
• - the Holocaust
• - Rwanda (1994)
• - Darfur, Sudan (present)

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• internal migration relocation within a
  countrys borders
• - Colombia (rural-urban)
• - Russia
• - China (to industrial cities)
• - U.S. (1800s Westward Ho 1910-1930s
  Great Migration today west south)
• transhumance semi-nomadic migration

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B. Causes of migration

• i. Political circumstances

Haiti
Mariel Boatlift
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ii. Economic conditions
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Economic Opportunities In late 1800s and early
1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia
to work in trade, commerce, and finance.
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iii. Armed conflict civil war
Rwandans
Guatemalans
Vietnamese
Bosnians
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iv. Environmental conditions
Irish Population 1872
The Irish Potato Famine
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v. Culture Religion
Pakistan-India Partition
Russian Jews arriving in Israel
The Mormon Trek
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Jewish Migration to Israel (post-1948)
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C. Push Pull Factors
Push Factors negative home conditions that
push the decision to migrate (loss of job, lack
of opportunities, overcrowding, famine, war,
disease) Pull Factors positive attributes
perceived to exist at the new location (jobs
opportunities, better climate, lower taxes, more
room, safer) place utility degree of
satisfaction with a place The decision to
migrate is it better to stay or to go?
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Guest Workers

• - have short term work visas
• - send remittances to home country

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D. Migration Patterns

• Step migration smaller, less extreme moves
• Ex. farm to villageto small townto major city
• Chain migration an established linkage or chain
  for future migrants (creates a migration field)
• Migrants provide information, money, place to
  stay, a job for other family/friends

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• Channel Migration clear pathways travel
  routes are established
• - Ex. The Oregon Trail

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Undocumented ImmigrationMexico to Arizona
The complex route of one group of undocumented
migrants from a small village north of Mexico
City to Phoenix, Arizona
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E. Ravensteins Laws of Migration

• Most only go a short distance
• Longer distances bigger cities
• It proceeds step by step
• Most is rural to urban
• Each flow produces a counter flow
• Most are adults
• Most international migrants are young males
• Nowadays, women/girls represent 40-60 of all
  international migrants.
• Mostly economic pushes and pulls.

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What is it like to be a refugee?
DARFUR 2007
RWANDA 1994
1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the
Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person with
a well-founded fear of being persecuted for
reasons of race, religion, or nationality.
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Genocide in Darfur
The conflict in Darfur has led to the death of at
least 350,000 and the displacement of 1.8 million
people.
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The Two Groups Arab vs. African
Members of a Janjaweed militia group

• A Darfur rebel fighter

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International Migration from Darfur