Chapter 23: Transformation in the Americas

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Chapter 23 Transformation in the Americas
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Warm Up Chapter 22

• What new crop contributed to the agricultural
  revolution?
• a. Potato b. wheat c. rice d. soybeans
• The most revolutionary invention of the
  Industrial Revolution was James Watts
• a. cotton gin b. steam engine c. saddle d.
  bicycle
• Division of labor in manufacturing means
• Dividing the work force into capitalists and
  communists
• Dividing the work into specialized and repetitive
  tasks
• Using division as well as other mathematical
  functions
• Having the worker make the entire product
• Britains manufacturing depended on the
  importation of raw goods from its colonies
  
  (as well as enforced trade) which is
  NOT an area of colonization for Britain?
• North America B. India C. China D. Japan
• Women typically earned
• As much as men
• 1/3 to ½ as much as men
• Twice as much
• 10 of men
• The cotton boom enriched planters as well as
  manufacturers and
• Decline of slavery B. Growth in textiles C.
  rich sharecroppers D. Increase of slavery
• Charles Fourier advocated

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• I. Independence in Latin America
• A. Roots of Revolution
• Latin Americans were upset about taxation and
  monopolies and inspired by American and French
  Revolution
• Revolutions began in Venezuela, Mexico, and
  Bolivia because of Napoleons European expansion
• Believed that all Spanish rule must be removed
  from all South American land for any South
  American nation to be free
• Bolivars revolution was led by the wealthy
  landowners of Latin America

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• B. Spanish South America, 1810-1825
• Revolutions in Venezuela were led by a group of
  creoles called junta
• Junta wealthy landowners who only pursued
  interests of the creoles
• Simon Bolivar emerged as the leader in Venezuela
  commanding a troop made of free slaves and free
  blacks
• Bolivar freed Columbia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
  and attempted to make a nation confederation
• These attempts were a failure and this led to
  regional and political chaos

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• http//www.whale.to/b/hand_sign.html
• Freemason Simón Bolívar, president of Venezuela,
  Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, of the Order and
  Liberty Lodge No. 2, Peru, giving the Masonic
  sign of the Hidden Hand

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Simon Bolivar

• Bolívar is credited with contributing decisively
  to the independence of the present-day countries
  of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama,
  and Bolivia and is often revered as a hero and
  the "George Washington of Latin America."

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• C. Mexico, 1810-1823
• Mexico was Spains richest and most populous
  country
• September 16,1810 Miguel Hidalgo urges people to
  revolt against Spanish rule
• Hidalgo is captured and executed
• Agustin I takes up the revolution after Hidalgo
  and Mexico declares independence in 1823
• Mexico becomes a republic after independence

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Miguel Hidalgo

• Roman Catholic priest in Mexico and revolutionary
  rebel leader. He is regarded by most Mexican
  people as the "Father of the Country" and was the
  founder of the Mexican War of Independence
  movement which fought for independence from Spain
  in the early 19th century, although he did not
  live to see Mexico gain its independence.

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• Miguel Hidalgo was executed by the firing squad
  July 30th 1811

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• II. The Problem of Order, 1825-1890
• A. Constitutional Experiments
• US colonists prior democracies contributed to
  success Latin American lack of democracies led
  to failure
• Latin American countries problems revolution is
  led by the wealthy upper class which are not
  connected to the people therefore led to violent
  discord
• The wealthy also did not foster the idea of mass
  participation
• Latin American wealthy wanted to rule both
  politics and military

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• B. Personalist (Populist) leaders
• Military leaders are going to bring local masses
  together politically leading to regionalization
• Populist leaders were also referred to as
  caudillo or regional military leaders
• Pattern is monarchy (European crown) to republic
  to caudillo rule
• Countries have a lack of experience in republican
  cultures and can not easily transition to
  democracy
• America brought people from Europe who are
  familiar with democracies

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• Jose Antonio Paez was the populist leader of
  Venezuela and declared its independence in 1829
• Tried to communicate to the common people but
  really looked out for the wealthy
• Populist leaders were common in Latin America
  because
• Weaker constitution, low literacy rate, and less
  developed communication

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Jose Paez
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• Andrew Jackson
• Successful general and populist leader
• Increased the power of the presidency and
  weakened power of the Congress

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• C. Threat of Regionalism
• Latin governments were based on the wealthy and
  could not transition easily bringing regional
  leaders
• In the US the Civil War split America on states
  rights and slavery issues
• D. Foreign Intervention and Regional Wars
• US, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile emerge as world
  powers on this side of the globe
• US also asserted its power by defeating Mexico
  and acquired Texas, NM, Arizona, and Colorado in
  1848

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• E. Native Peoples and the Nation-State
• Indian populations are forced to submit to new
  political forces in their land
• With land expansion and an boom in technology
  white settlers were moving further west pushing
  out the Native Americans
• Confederations like Tecumseh were instances in
  the changing New World
• Tecumseh and the Americans Tecumseh led Native
  Americans in resistance to American expansion

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• In September 1809, William Henry Harrison,
  governor of the newly formed Indiana Territory,
  negotiated the Treaty of Fort Wayne in which a
  delegation of Indians ceded 3 million acres
  (12,000 km²) of Native American lands to the
  United States. The treaty negotiations were
  questionable as they were unauthorized by the
  President and involved what some historians
  compared to bribery, offering large subsidies to
  the tribes and their chiefs, and the liberal
  distribution of liquor before the negotiations
• In August 1810 Tecumseh led four hundred armed
  warriors from Prophetstown to confront Harrison
  at his Vincennes home, Grouseland. Their
  appearance startled the townspeople, and the
  situation quickly became dangerous when Harrison
  rejected Tecumseh's demand and argued that
  individual tribes could have relations with the
  United States, and that Tecumseh's interference
  was unwelcome by the tribes of the area. Tecumseh
  launched an impassioned rebuttal against Harrison

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• Harrison crossed into Upper Canada and on October
  5, 1813, won a victory over the British and
  Native Americans at the Battle of the Thames near
  Moraviantown. Tecumseh was killed, and shortly
  after the battle, the tribes of his confederacy
  surrendered to Harrison at Detroit.

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• Indian Removal Act of 1830
• Forced the resettlement of Indians west of the
  Mississippi
• Signed and enacted by Andrew Jackson
• This act, 5 years later, leads to the trail of
  tears and removal of the Seminole Indians
• Caste Wars in the Yucatan
• Plantation owners forced Mayan off their land the
  peasants revolted and nearly brought the Yucatan
  back to Mayan rule

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• III. Challenge of Social and Economic Change
• A. Abolition of Slavery
• Slavery was most prominent where the exports of
  plantations were most important
• Slavery survived in much of the Western
  Hemisphere until 1850s
• Plantations required a large amount of slaves
• Decline of sugar plantations in the Caribbean led
  to abolishment of slavery
• Cuba abolished slavery 1886
• Puerto Rico abolished slavery 1873

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• North America had terminated the slave trade
  business in 1808
• Emancipation Proclamation in 1865 abolished
  slavery in all of US
• Liberia was set up in Africa by the US to send
  the free slaves back to Africa 12,000 free slaves
  were sent back
• Sierra Leone was set up by the British to send
  the free slaves back to Africa

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• B. Immigration
• End of slavery bring about a gap in workers in
  the Western Hemisphere
• Immigration from Europe and Asia will rise
  dramatically
• Impact
• Hostility toward immigrants was prevalent
• Immigrants were expected to assimilate and
  schools were used to help facilitate assimilation

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• IV. Comparative Perspectives
• A. Constitutional Challenges
• All but the United States suffered failed
  constitutions within a generation which divided
  the country