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Chapter 17: transformation of the west ?

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That other Renaissance Italy begins to decline as a Renaissance center around 1500 The Northern Renaissance: focused in France, Germany, & England after ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 17: transformation of the west ?


1
Chapter 17transformation of the west?
2
That other Renaissance
  • Italy begins to decline as a Renaissance center
    around 1500
  • The Northern Renaissance focused in France,
    Germany, England after 1450
  • Northern Renaissance focused on religion more
    than Italian Renaissance but still mainly
    involved in culture, architecture, and the arts

3
Power Politics
  • Interest in military conquest grew throughout
    Europe.
  • Decline in feudal alliances
  • Monarchys grow stronger kings push for
    expansion
  • Alliances made, but just for looks
  • Example Francis I (king of France) forms
    alliance with Ottoman Turk leader. But his main
    goal is to have this alliance act as a
    distraction towards his real target the ruler
    of Austria Spain.

4
  • ECONOMY TECHNOLOGY
  • Stronger iron products in the West (Europe)
  • Increased trading contacts w/ Asia
  • Printing introduced in 15th century Johannes
    Gutenberg
  • Gutenberg improved the printing technology
    previously developed by the Chinese
  • This leads to increase in book distribution
    helps Renaissance writers reach a larger
    audience also leads to increase in literacy rates

5
  • New Family Structure
  • Later marriages usually not until late-20s
  • Family was focused on the nuclear family and
    not the extended family living together
  • Nuclear family mom, dad, siblings
  • Extended family all of the above PLUS aunts,
    uncles, grandparents, cousins, etc.
  • These changes to family structure started
    occurring in the 16th century
  • Linked familys with property most people could
    NOT marry unless they had property or access to
    property
  • Late marriages also limited overcrowding because
    families had fewer children!

6
The Protestant Catholic Reformations
  • During the 16th century religious upheaval began
    to occur in Europe

7
The original Martin Luther (not King Jr.)
  • Martin Luther ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
  • German monk
  • In 1517, he nailed a document to the door of a
    castle church in Germany
  • The document had his 95 theses (propositions)
  • BIG idea he protested against the popes
    representatives for selling indulgences (grants
    for salvation) in exchange for money. Luther
    believed that only faith could grant salvation.
  • Luther also argued that priests should be allowed
    to marry and that the bible should be translated
    from Latin so others could read/understand it.
  • Luther picks up support from followers during the
    mid-16th century

8
Other Christian Groups
  • England
  • King Henry VIII set up the Anglican Church to
    challenge the popes attempt to enforce his first
    marriage (failed to produce a son/heir)
  • Side-Story Henry VIII had 6 wives (possibly
    more) he executed 2 of them for not producing
    a son/heirwell allegedly executed them
  • France/Germany/Others
  • Jean Calvin Frenchman Calvinism claims that
    God had a pre-destination or pre-determination of
    those who would be granted salvation
  • Calvinism was accepted in parts of Switzerland,
    Germany, France, Netherlands, Hungary, and in
    England Scotland

9
  • Catholic Church did NOT restore religious unity,
    but did defend key areas of Europe for the
    Catholic faith.
  • Under a Catholic Reformation church councils
    revived Catholic doctrine and refuted any
    Protestant ideas (Protestant a sect w/in
    Christianity)

10
End of Christian Unity in the West
  • Protestant Catholic reformations had several
    results during late 16th 17th centuries
  • Religious Wars
  • France was the scene of battles between Calvinist
    Catholic forces
  • The Edict of Nantes (1598) ended this struggle
  • Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
  • German Protestants vs. Holy Roman Empire (also
    supported by Spain)
  • Devastating for Germany (cut population by as
    much as 60)
  • Reduced German power and prosperity for almost a
    full century
  • Ended with the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
  • English Civil War (1640s - 1660)
  • Religious issues plus battle of parliaments
    rights to control royal actions
  • Full resolution came in 1688-1689 (The Glorious
    Revolution)
  • Parliament won sovereignty over the king

11
The Commercial Revolution
  • Economic structure of Europe was redefined in the
    16th century
  • Increase in trade new goods available to them
  • Price inflation began the commercial revolution
    inflation was caused by the large amounts of gold
    and silver being brought back from Latin America
  • European merchants brought back new goods from
    various trading areas (India, Africa, Latin
    America)
  • Technological improvements made in metal-works
    and in mining
  • Merchants, and even peasants, were more
    prosperous than before.

12
Commercial Revolution (cont.)
  • Not all prospered thoughthose who did NOT have
    access to property or goods still suffered.
  • Proletariat the people without access to
    wealth-producing property
  • Another rise in population growth and rising food
    prices made it difficult for the poor (in some
    cases they had to sell their land for food) ?
  • Peasant uprisings/protests began at end of 16th
    century until about 1650.
  • Peasants and townspeople wanted greater
    protection from poverty
  • France
  • Protestant Catholic peasants rose together
    against landlords and taxes

13
Witches!!!
  • During same time period, outburst against
    suspected witches arose.
  • Between 60,000 and 100,000 suspected witches were
    accused and killed!
  • The witchcraft persecutions reflected resentment
    against the poor this was often done by
    communities who were unwilling to accept
    responsibility for their poverty.
  • Role of Women women were most often the targets
    of persecution

14
The Scientific Revolution!
  • Scientific Revolution period of advances
    associated w/ the development of wider
    theoretical generalizations changed thinking
    from the Middle Ages
  • Improved microscopes telescopes helped
    advancements in biology and astronomy
  • Copernicus used astronomical observations and
    mathematic calculations to prove that the Earth
    was NOT the center of the universe, rather, it
    revolved around the sun
  • Johannes Kepler studied planetary motion used
    work from Copernicus
  • Isaac Newton published Principia Mathematica
    set forth the basic principles of all motion
    defined the forces of gravity in mathematical
    detail helped explain planetary orbit described
    by Kepler

15
Scientific Revolution. (cont.)
  • Became popular among educated Western Europeans
  • New scientific institutions set up with
    government aid to advance research

16
John Locke
  • Englishman
  • Argued that people could learn everything they
    needed to know through their senses and
    reasoning faith was irrelevant in this matter

17
Absolute Monarchy vs. Parliamentary Monarchy
  • Absolute Monarchy concept of government
    developed during the 17th century featured
    monarchs (kings) who passed laws WITHOUT
    parliaments appointed their own professional
    armies and bureaucracies established state
    churches and imposed state economic policies
    (taxes)
  • Example France King Louis XIV I am the
    state.
  • Parliamentary Monarchy originated in England
    and Holland during 17th century kings were
    partially checked by legislative powers in
    parliaments.
  • Nation State areas unified by a common language
    and culture promote political values and
    traditions of their region

18
The Enlightenment
  • The aftermath of the Scientific Revolution
  • An intellectual movement
  • 18th century
  • Centered in France but spread throughout the
    Western world
  • Applied scientific methods to human society
  • Rational laws could help describe social and
    physical behavior
  • Produced a basic set of principles about humans
  • Human beings are good, but improvable, and can be
    educated to be better reason is the key to truth
  • --------------------------------------------------
    -----
  • Random Side Note The Encyclopedia originated
    during the Enlightenment!
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