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Introduction To Biodiversity

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Title: Introduction To Biodiversity


1
Introduction To Biodiversity
2
What is Biodiversity???
  • Biological diversity
  • Simply means the diversity, or variety, of plants
    and animals and other living things in a
    particular area or region
  • Also means the number, or abundance of different
    species living within a particular region

3
Okay, So Why Is It Important?
  • Everything that lives in an ecosystem is part of
    the web of life, including humans
  • Each species of vegetation and each creature has
    a place on the earth and plays a vital role in
    the circle of life
  • Plant, animal, and insect species interact and
    depend upon one another for what each offers,
    such as food, shelter, oxygen, and soil
    enrichment
  • "It is reckless to suppose that biodiversity can
    be diminished indefinitely without threatening
    humanity itself." -Edward O. Wilson (Father of
    Biodiversity)

4
Early Classification
  • To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
    classification system to name organisms and group
    them in a logical manner.
  • The field of Biology that deals with classifying
    organisms is called Taxonomy.
  • Carolus Linnaeus is the father of Modern Taxonomy
    (1700s)

Linnaeus is considered the founder of the
binomial system of nomenclature and the
originator of modern scientific classification of
plants and animals
5
Linneaus Findings
  • Millions of animals and plants
  • How did we keep them in order?
  • Binomial Nomenclature

6
Hierarchy
7
Binomial Nomenclature
  • Identifying organisms by their genus and species
    names
  • 2 words
  • First letter of FIRST word is capital, First
    letter of SECOND word is lowercase.
  • The word needs to be in italic or underlined
  • Latin Form of the word.
  • Ex Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Canus lupus
  • Humans, Red Maple, Wolf

8
Binomial Nomenclature
  • Used because the common name can sometimes be
    misleading.
  • Common names can be different in various parts of
    the world (for example the British, North
    American and Australian Robins)
  • Latin is a universal dead language

9
How do Scientist Classify organisms?
  • You will probably need to add this slide to your
    notes
  • Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a
    lineage but not in its older members are called
    derived characters.
  • Derived Characters can be used to construct a
    Cladogram, a diagram that shows the evolutionary
    relationship among a group of organism
  • This concept was derived from Darwin.
  • http//ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cla
    dograms/Open-This-File.swf

10
How do Scientist Classify organisms?
  • Early systems of classification grouped organisms
    together bases on visible similarities.
  • That can quickly lead to troubles.
  • Biologist now group organisms into categories
    that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or
    phylogeny, not just physical similarities.
  • Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a
    lineage but not in its older members are called
    derived characters.
  • This concept was derived from Darwin.

11
How do Scientist Classify organisms?
  • Similarities at the DNA level in the genes of
    organisms can be used to help determine
    classification.
  • Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the
    passage of evolutionary time. A model known as a
    molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate
    the length of time that two species have been
    evolving independently.

12
Dichotomous Key
  • A dichotomous key is a series of yes/no questions
    that state the rules for placing items into
    categories within a system of classification
  • Ex Plants, Insects, Trees, People (We could make
    one for our class!!)

13
Now, its your turn to Practice
  • We will work in groups of 2
  • Pick someone that is dressed most like you today
  • Move beside them QUIETLY
  • I will hand out lab materials and questions and
    go over the lab
  • You will have 15 minutes to work on this lab and
    to finish the questions
  • Go back to your seats and begin on System of
    Classification Notes

14
6 Kingdoms!
  • 1. Eubacteria- (Bacteria)
  • 2. Archaebacteria- (Bacteria)
  • 2. Protists- (Amoeba)
  • 3. Fungi- (Mushrooms)
  • 4. Plants- (Trees)
  • 5. Animal- (Mammals)

15
2 Kingdoms or 1?
  • Our book lists 6 kingdoms, Eubacteria and
    Archaebacteria
  • Prior to 1990 most books listed only 5 kingdoms,
    Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were grouped
    together Monera
  • Either is correct..(I still refer to Monera on my
    quizzes and test. )

16
The Three-Domain System
  • Molecular analyses have given rise to a new
    taxonomic category that is now recognized by many
    scientist.
  • The domain is more inclusive category than any
    otherlarger than a kingdom.
  • Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.

17
Assignment
  • Copy the chart on page 459 in its entirety.
  • Plain white paper
  • Due the day of the test!

18
Eubacteria
  • Single Celled, Prokaryotic, Autotrophic and
    Hetrotrophic
  • Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom.
  • Cell walls with peptidoglycan.
  • Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt.
  • Ex Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
  • Bacteriaecological diverse
  • Free living soil organisms to deadly parasites
  • Some need oxygen some do not need oxygen.

19
Archaebacteria
  • Single Celled
  • Prokaryotic
  • Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
  • Cell walls do NOT contain peptidogllycan
  • Ex Methanogens, halophiles
  • These bacteria live in volcanic hot springs,
    brine pools, and black organic mud.
  • Most survive in the absence of oxygen

20
Protists
  • Mostly unicellular
  • Eukaryotic
  • Autotrophic/Heterotrophic
  • Members have great variety
  • Ex Amoeba (bottom) and Paramecium (top)
  • You need to be familiar with BOTH of these little
    guysthey will be on your quiz/test.

21
Fungi
  • Mostly multicellular but some unicellular.
  • Has a cell wall but does NOT make its own food.
  • Heterotrophic
  • Change dead organic matter into usable nutrients
    Decomposers
  • Ex Bread mold, mildew, yeast, and mushrooms.

22
Plant Kingdom
  • Green- contain chlorophyll
  • Make food by photosynthesis
  • Ex Algae. Moss, Vascular Plants, Trees, Flower,
    Etc

23
Animal Kingdom
  • Multi-Cellular
  • Cannot make their own food
  • Most animals move (sponge is sessile)
  • Vertebrates (Backbone) Ex Fish, Frogs, Birds,
    Snakes, and US!!
  • Invertebrates (No backbone) Ex Sponges,
    Jellyfish, Earthworm

24
A Mysterious Organism-Virus
  • Not sure which classification to put viruses
    under
  • No cell parts
  • Chromosome-like structures
  • Do not grow as living things

25
A Mysterious Organism-Virus
26
Body Symmetry
  • Body Symmetry- The arrangement of body parts.
  • Radial Symmetry- Has body parts radiating from a
    central point. Ex Starfish, Hydra
  • Bilateral Symmetry- An animal with body parts
    arranged in pairs on either sides of a central
    axis. Ex Humans
  • Asymmetry- Irregular body shape

27
Body Symmetry
28
Parts of the Body
  • Dorsal- Top of animal (Back Surface)
  • Ventral- Bottom of animal (Belly)
  • Anterior- Front of animal
  • Posterior- End of animal

29
Metamorphosis
  • A series of changes during which young insects
    develop into adults

30
Complete Metamorphosis
  • Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult
  • The larva looks completely different than the
    adult
  • Ex Butterflies, Beetles, Flies

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Incomplete Metamorphosis
  • Egg, Nymph, Adult
  • A nymph is like a much smaller version of the
    adult
  • Ex Grasshopper, Cockroaches

33
Biomes
  • Large areas (ecosystems) with the same type of
    climax community
  • Biomes located on land are called terrestrial
  • Those located in oceans, lakes, streams, or ponds
    are called aquatic

34
Biomes
  • Terrestrial biomes include (out of your book)
    Tundra, Taiga, Desert, Grassland, Deciduous
    Forest, and Tropical Rain Forest
  • Other Biomes Savannah, Chaparral, Mountain Zones,
    etc

35
Biomes
  • Aquatic Biomes include .
  • Marine, estuary, and freshwater.

36
Biomes
37
Tundra
  • Treeless land.
  • Short soggy summers long, cold, dark winters
  • Strong winds
  • Temperature never rises above freezing for long.

38
Tundra
Tundra
  • Permafrost- Permanently frozen subsoil
  • Only topmost layer of soil thaws during the
    summer
  • Poorly developed soil
  • Grasses, shallow-rooted plants

39
Tundra
Tundra
  • Mosses, lichens, sedges, bearberry, and short
    grasses
  • Waterfowl, musk ox, arctic foxes, caribou,
    lemmings

40
Tundra
41
Tundra
Tundra
42
Tundra
Tundra
43
Tundra
Tundra
44
Tundra
Tundra
  • Bearberry is a common plant that can be found in
    the Tundra.
  • This is in the warm season.

45
Taiga
  • Circles the North Pole
  • Land of mixed pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce
    trees
  • Warmer and wetter than Tundra
  • Bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats

46
Taiga
  • Mild temperatures
  • Abundant precipitation during fall winter and
    spring
  • Relatively cool dry summer
  • Rocky
  • Acidic soils

47
Taiga
48
Taiga
49
Taiga
50
Taiga
51
Desert
  • Arid region with sparse plant life
  • Occupy about 1/5 of the Earths surface.
  • Little and unpredictable rainfall..usually 50 cm
    of rain or less annually
  • Cold and hot deserts exist
  • Ex Desert Tortoise, Diamondback Rattlesnake,
    Cactus, Aloe

52
Desert
  • Deserts may be found throughout the worldSahara
    of North Africa, southwestern U.S., Mexico, and
    Australia as well as in the basin and range area
    of Utah and Nevada and in parts of western Asia.

53
Desert
54
Desert
55
Temperate Grasslands
  • Between 25 and 75 cm of precipitation annually
  • Large communities covered with grasses and
    similar small plants
  • Occupies more area than any other biome
  • Ex

56
Temperate Grasslands
  • Warm to hot summers and cold winters
  • Moderate seasonal precipitation
  • Fertile soils
  • Dominant plants perennial grasses and herbs and
    sunflowers, oats, rye, wheat
  • Dominant wildlife coyotes badgers, deer, and
    rabbits

57
Temperate Grasslands
58
Temperate Grasslands
59
Temperate Grassland
60
Savanna
  • Grassland with scattered trees.
  • Frequent fires, large mammals.
  • Many small animals are dormant during dry period.

61
Savanna
Savanna
  • 3 distinct seasons
  • cool and dry
  • hot and dry
  • warm and wet.
  • Soils are poor.

62
Savanna
63
Chaparral
  • Scrubland, regions of dense shrubs along coasts.
  • Between 30 and 40 degrees latitude.

64
Chaparral
  • Rainy winters, long dry summers.
  • Maintained by periodic fires.
  • Deer, birds, rodents, snakes, etc.

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Temperate Deciduous Forest
  • Precipitation ranges from 70 to 150 cm annually
  • Rains year round
  • Cold to moderate winters with hot summers
  • Fertile soils

69
Temperate Deciduous Forest
  • Broad-leaved hardwood trees that loose their
    foliage
  • Ex Deer, Bears, Oaks, Maples, Salamanders

70
Temperate Deciduous Forest
71
Tropical Rain Forests
  • Most biologically diverse
  • Found near the equator
  • Warm, wet weather dominated by lush plant growth
  • Receives at least 200 cm of precipitation
    annually
  • Dense, tangled vegetation

72
Tropical Rain Forest
  • Competition for light.
  • Soil is usually poor due to rapid nutrient
    recycling.
  • Animals are often tree dwellers.
  • Ex. Sloths, Monkeys, Bamboo

73
Tropical Rain Forest
74
Tropical Rain Forest
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AQUATIC BIOMES
  • 75 of Earth is covered in water.
  • Divided into two categories freshwater and marine
  • Marine Biomes The water is salt water. Oceans,
    sea, and some inland lakes contain salt water.
  • Freshwater is confined to rivers, streams, ponds
    and most lakes.

80
Marine
  • Oceans contain the largest amount of biomass, or
    living material, of any biome on earth.
  • Many living organisms are small they cannot even
    be seen.
  • Ecologist study marine biomes by separating them
    into different zones.

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Freshwater
  • Ponds, lake, rivers, etc are also full of life
    but more so around the shoreline and in shallow
    areas.
  • Water temperature and sunlight penetration are
    factors that limits life in freshwater biomes.

84
Freshwater
  • In the shallow waters you will find plants such
    as cattails and sedges.
  • These plants serve as food and homes for
    tadpoles, aquatic insects, worms, crayfish,
    dragonflies
  • Minnows, bluegill, and carp also live here.

85
Estuary
  • An estuary is a coastal body of water, partially
    surrounded by land, in which freshwater and
    saltwater mix.
  • It may extend many miles inland.

86
Estuary
  • Wide range of organisms live here.
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