Structure of the earth

1
Structure of the earth

• layered sphere
• inner core
• outer core
• mantle
• crust
• continental - felsic
• oceanic - mafic

2
plate tectonics

• surface is made of plates that move around and
  bump into each other
• effects
• earthquakes
• volcanoes
• mountains

3
rocks and minerals

• minerals building blocks of rocks
• rocks
• rock cycle
• how rocks form
• how they relate to each other
• igneous
• sedimentary
• metamorphic

4
economic minerology

• resources reserves - chapt 8
• ore
• economic deposit (includes host material)
• examples
• gold - 0001 (10 ppm)
• iron - 20
• metals - uses and distribution - p 359
• nonmetals
• strategic minerals

5
mineral extraction

• mining techniques
• processing
• effects
• response
• conservation
• recycling
• substitution

6
geologic hazards

• outlook
• prediction - date, time, magnitude
• forecast - likelihood of occurrence, magnitude

7
earthquakes

• faults - energy stored and released
• effects
• magnitude intensity
• human impact
• prediction and forecast

8
volcanoes

• products
• lava
• ash
• gas
• effects
• human impact - none known
• prediction and forecast

9
floods

• river leaves its banks
• effects
• human impact
• increased drainage basin efficiency
• floods are higher and sooner
• prediction and forecast

10
landslides

• slope moves downhill
• human impact
• oversteepen
• undercut
• add weight
• add water
• prediction and forecast

11
the coast

• high energy environment
• flooding and erosion

12
Weather Climate

• weather
• physical conditions of the atmosphere
• at a given place and time
• may rapidly fluctuate
• climate
• long-term weather patterns
• average conditions
• fluctuates gradually

13
atmosphere

• ocean of air
• composition - table p 375
• N2 - 78
• O2 - 21
• Ar - 1
• CO2 - 0035
• H2O - 0 to 4

14
development of the atmosphere

• early - 4.5 to 3.5 BYA
• emitted by volcanoes
• no free oxygen
• 3.5 to 1.8 BYA
• water forms oceans
• CO2 dissolves into the water
• life converts the CO2 to organic material, rock,
  and O2
• oxygen intermittently present in ocean
• 18 BYA to present
• O2 gradually increased
• 2 of atmosphere about 550 MYA

15
layered - fig p 366

• troposphere
• 75 of atmosphere by mass
• stratosphere
• ozone
• mesosphere
• thermosphere
• lower part - ionosphere

16
suns energy

• distribution - fig p 377
• work
• energy changes from high quality to low quality
  (infrared)
• greenhouse
• reradiated from surface to clouds and back
• cycling of energy between surface and atmosphere
• stored in oceans and atmosphere by water
• used by plants
• moves as wind
• moves as ocean currents

17
weather

• effects
• circulation patterns - fig p 379
• convection cells - fig p 378
• jet streams - fig p 380
• frontal weather - fig p 380
• cyclonic storms - fig p 382
• hurricanes typhoons
• seasonal winds - fig p 383
• monsoons

• driving forces
• sun uneven distribution of heat
• equator get more energy/unit area
• earths rotation
• coriolis effect - deflects moving air

18
weather modification

• cant do much
• initiation of precipitation

19
El Nino/ Southern Oscillation

• figure - p 386
• periodic, dramatic change in weather patterns
• related to equatorial winds and ocean currents in
  the Pacific Ocean
• effects shift in rainfall, alteration of ocean
  currents

20
climate change

• trends patterns - fig p 384
• rate
• causes
• greenhouse gases - fig p 387
• moving continents
• natural human
• effects - figs p 388 389
• movement of climatic zones
• changing rainfall patterns
• changing lengths of seasons
• more dramatic weather?
• solutions?

21
Air pollution

• foul, unclean air
• 120 million metric tons of air pollution/yr
  released in US

22
sources

• human
• up to 90 of total in cities
• pollutant type
• primary - released as harmful
• secondary - modified in the air
• source type
• fugitive
• point

• natural
• esp. in rural areas
• volcanoes
• sea spray
• forest fires
• plants
• viruses
• dust
• methane (from digestion)

23
conventional/criteria pollutants

• regulated in Clean Air Act of 1970
• figs p 399, 400, 401
• sulfur compounds
• nitrogen compounds
• carbon oxides
• particulates
• VOCs (hydrocarbons)
• photochemical oxidants
• metals and halogens (including Pb)

24
unconventional/non-criteria pollutants

• regulated
• asbestos
• PCBs
• aesthetic degradation
• noise
• odor
• light

25
indoor

• concentrated
• smoking
• asbestos
• plastic emissions
• radon
• chemicals
• indoor fires

26
climate, topography, and atmo. processes

• temp inversions - fig p 405
• urban heat islands dust domes
• long range transport - fig p 406
• stratospheric ozone - fig p 406
• formation
• oxygen altered by UV
• destruction - fig p 407
• by UV
• by Cl from CFCs

27
effects of air pollution

• types of effects
• chronic vs acute
• toxic
• diseases
• hormonal
• synergistic
• human health
• plant pathology
• acid deposition - fig p 410
• visibility

28
control of air pollution

• move sources away
• taller smoke stacks
• particulate removal - fig p 413
• sulfur removal
• fuel switching fuel cleaning
• limestone injection fluidized bed combustion -
  fig p 414
• flue gas desulfurization sulfur recovery
• nitrogen oxide control
• catalytic converters (ruined by Pb)
• hydrocarbon controls
• PCV in cars
• after burners

29
Laws - clean air acts

• 1963
• 1970
• 1990
• marketing pollution rights
• ozone protection
• auto emissions
• currently under review by Supreme Court

30
current conditions/future prospects

• improving in first world - fig p 418
• degrading in second and third world

31
Water resources

• importance
• essential for life
• 60 of body
• 70 of Earths surface
• source
• volcanoes
• comets
• hydrologic cycle - fig p 424

32
water distribution - table p 426

• oceans - 97
• glaciers/snow - 2
• groundwater - 0.28
• lakes/reservoirs
• fresh - 0.009
• saline - 0.007
• also soil moisture - 0.005
• atmo - 0.001
• wetlands - 0.0003 (typo in book)
• rivers and streams - 0.0001

33
groundwater movement

• fig p 428
• infiltration
• zone of aeration (soil moisture)
• water table
• zone of saturation
• water moves under pressure of gravity through
  pores in the rock/sediment (rarely in cracks

34
surface water movement

• 2/3 - seasonal floods
• 1/3 - stable runoff

35
freshwater sources

• runoff
• direct
• storage and redistribution
• groundwater
• alternatives
• desalinization
• cloud seeding
• icebergs

36
drought

• long-term shortages
• cyclic

37
types of water use

• withdrawal - total removed
• consumption - not returned
• degradation - returned in a poorer state

38
quantities used - graph p 431

• agriculture
• commercial/industrial
• cooling water for power plants
• metal refining
• petroleum refining
• paper
• domestic
• public
• lost

39
implication/effects of use

• groundwater - best source
• degradation
• drawdown of water table - fig p 435
• mining
• surface water reservoirs
• evaporation
• leakage
• siltation
• in-stream users

40
management

• watershed management
• conservation by users
• pricing

41
Water pollution

• degradation of water quality
• sources
• point
• non-point
• atmosphere
• in-stream users

42
water pollution types (table p 449)

• infectious agents - fig p 452
• oxygen-demanding wastes - fig p 451
• BOD
• examine - dissolved oxygen life forms present
• nutrients
• eutrophication - nutrients stimulate growth
• vegetation chokes water
• clarity decreases
• upon death - produce oxygen demanding waste
• examine - nitrogen and phosphorous content

43
water pollution types

• table p 449
• toxic inorganics
• organic chemicals
• pesticides
• petrochemicals - LUST
• pharmaceuticals
• sediment
• thermal pollution

44
current water quality

• fig p 457
• 1972 clean water act
• regulated point sources
• make all waters fishable and swimmable

45
current problems

• feedlots
• non-point source
• ag runoff
• storm sewers
• USTs
• landfills
• septic/sewage treatment
• developing countries

46
other water pollution problems

• groundwater and drinking water supplies
• fig p 460
• many sources
• filtration capacity is limited
• contamination difficult to remove
• oceans - fig p 462
• trash
• ag runoff
• nets
• petroleum spills
• natural
• human

47
pollution control

• source reduction
• land management
• human waste
• septic tanks lagoons - fig p 465
• municipal sewage treatment - fig p 466
• primary - filtering
• secondary
• tertiary
• other methods
• septic effluent to central collection
• wetland use

48
laws - table p 469

• clean water act
• 1972 - original
• amending and reauthorizing
• safe drinking water act
• regulates municipal supplies
• mandates testing and imposes limits
• CERCLA/superfund
• Great Lakes water quality agreement
• London dumping convention