Chapter 26 The New Power Balance

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Chapter 26 The New Power Balance
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Warm Up

1. Leader of the Zulu kingdom that will dominate
   Africa until the Europeans arrive
2. Why is there a renewed interest in Egypt?
3. Why does Livingstone explore Africa?
4. Why do the Sepoy rebel?
5. Set up in 1885 in India
6. How does Britain still control India?
7. Why does Britain have an interest in South Africa?

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• I. New Technologies and the World Economy
• A. Railroads
• 1850 railroads were a success in Britain, France,
  Germany, Canada, Russia, Japan, and the US
• Non industrialized nations built railroads for
  government and business use
• Railroads opened new land to agriculture,
  mining, and other natural resources

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• B. Steamships and Telegraph Cables
• Iron and steel now used for hulls, propellers,
  and engines
• Impact iron and steel shipbuilding made it
  possible to increase average size and speed of
  oceangoing vessels
• Telegraph cables were now put underwater to
  coordinate movements of ships

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• C. Steel and Chemical Industries
• Steel is a form of iron and is both hard and
  elastic
• Before the ind rev only small groups of
  specialized workers could make steel
• Now steel can be mass produced cheaply
• 1866 Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel found a way
  to turn nitroglycerin into a stable solid
  formdynamite
• Dynamite can now be used in mining, military, and
  construction of railroads and canals
• (Nobel Prizes?)

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• D. Electricity
• By the 1870s cities could now be powered by
  electricity
• Electricity created a huge demand for copper
• Electric streetcars, subways, and electric motors

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• E. World Trade and Finance
• By 1913 shipping costs were cut in half.
• Now people could ship cheap, heavy products like
  grain, raw materials, and machinery
• II. Social Changes
• A. Urbanization and Urban Environments
• By 1914 80 of British people lived in the cities
• Railroads allowed people to live further apart
  and rely on a predictable schedule
• Governments now provided police, fire,
  schooling, building and health inspectors,
  garbage removal and parks

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• Coal was main fuel and worsened air quality
• Coal produced fog and coated things with filth
  and dirt
• Horse drawn carts are replaced by street cars and
  automobiles
• Horses no longer have to be cared for and
  electricity does not create waste

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• C. Middle Class Womens Separate Sphere
• Victorian Age (1837-1901) rules of behavior and
  ideology surrounding relations between men and
  women. Men and women were thought to belong to
  separate spheres
• Men are seen in the workplace
• Women are expected to be at home
• Middle class women were expected to raise the
  children
• Society frowned on working middle class women
  only allowed to be teachers

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• D. Working Class Women
• Domestic servants facing long hours and abuse
  from masters
• Married women were expected to be at home raising
  the children
• Married women could contribute to the family
  income by taking in boarders, sewing, or washing
  other peoples clothes
• Pg. 747 men and womens duty
• Young women worked in factories with poor pay in
  the textiles and clothing trades

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• III. Socialism and Labor Movements
• A. Marx and Socialism
• Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto in 1848
• History is clashes between social classes
• Hated capitalism and against private property
• He believed that all of world history was a
  history of class struggles
• Marxs society Wanted a classless society in
  which govt would no longer be needed and
  capitalism would collapse

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• B. Labor Movements
• Unions brought better wages, improved working
  conditions, and insurance
• 19th century all male received right to vote
  women were not welcomed

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• IV. Nationalism and the Rise of Italy, Germany,
  and Japan
• A. Language and National Identity in Europe
• Public education, universal military service, and
  colonial conquests brought about nationalism
• B. The Unification of Italy
• Victor Emmanuel headed the unification of Italy
  in 1860

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• C. The Unification of Germany
• Otto von Bismark unifies Germany through the
  Franco-Prussian War
• Bismarck works to keep Germany from becoming a
  democracy
• Bismarck viewed France as a threat and his
  greatest fear was that France and Russia would
  form a military alliance
• Made alliances with Austria-Hungary, Russia, and
  Italy to protect against this, was also on good
  terms with Great Britain
• Emperor Wilhelm II comes to power in 1888

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• D. The West Challenges Japan
• Japanese foreign policy
• The Tokugawa shogunate had driven out all foreign
  traders and missionaries, isolating the nation
  from almost all contact with the outside world
• Maintain relations with Korea and informal
  trading with the Dutch at Nagasaki
• Foreign ships are driven away and shipwrecked
  sailors are caged
• The Western powers see Japanese isolation as a
  challenge
• Want to open up Japan for trade

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• The first to succeed is the United States
• 1853 an American fleet of four warships under the
  leadership of Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in
  Tokyo Bay
• Perry brings a letter from President Fillmore
• Asks for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked
  on the Japanese islands
• Perry returns a few months later with a larger
  fleet for Japans answer

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• Shogunate officials were undecided, but the gun
  power of Commodore Perrys ships finally decides
  the answer
• Japan agrees to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa under
  military pressure
• Provides the return of shipwrecked sailors
• Opens ports to Western traders and establishes a
  U.S. consulate in Japan
• Also establishes extraterritoriality for
  Westerners in Japan

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Japanese Play
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• The Meji Restoration and Modernization of Japan
• The decision to open relations is highly
  unpopular and many Japanese found the treaties
  deeply humiliating
• Angry over Westerners committing crimes and
  receiving mild to no punishments
  (extraterritoriality)
• Gave rise to Japanese nationalism

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• Many Japanese people resented the way the shogun
  gave in to Western demands
• They demand that the shogun resign
• Attack the shoguns palace in 1868
• Ends the military control of the Japanese govt
• Proclaim the authority of the emperor has been
  restored

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• E. The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of
  Japan
• Young emperor Mutsuhito takes back power of the
  govt in 1868, ending the shogunate system
• He takes the name Emperor Meiji, enlightened
  ruler
• The emperor realizes that Japan must change to
  survive
• Embarks on a policy of reform to turn Japan into
  a modern industrial nation

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The Rulers Set the Tone with Western Dress
Emperor Meiji Empress Haruko
(1868- 1912)
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• Meiji Reforms
• A group of Japanese officials made a two year
  journey, traveling to the U.S. and Europe
• Wanted to learn about Western society, military
  practices, and economics
• Gives subsidies to industries starting off
• Govt encourages the development of new
  industries by providing business people with
  money and privileges
• Set up a postal service and established a
  national currency

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• Required all children to attend school and
  allowed some students to study abroad
• Need modern forces to compete with the Western
  powers
• Compulsory military service all men serve for
  three years
• Gain modern weapons and hire American and
  European experts to train the new modernized army
• Adopt Western military practices

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• F. Nationalism and Social Darwinism
• Survival of the fittest now applies to
  nationsSocial Darwinism
• The best nation (race) wins
• If you are able to conquer people, then you
  should be able to, survival of the fittest also
  applies to nations
• Europeans are superior to other peoples
• the path of progress is strewn with the wrecks
  of nations traces are everywhere to be seen of
  the slaughtered remains of inferior races

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• V. Great Powers of EuropeGermany, France, Great
  Britain, Russia, and Austria Hungary
• A. Germany
• Germany formed coalition with Austria Hungary and
  Russia
• Wilhelm II dismissed Bismark and looked for
  colonies
• B. Russia and Austria-Hungary
• Austria Hungary separated from Russia to form
  independent nation
• Russian economy was controlled by the state
  middle class did not benefit from industrialism
• Tsar Nicolas introduced the Duma with a
  constitution and a parliament

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• VI. China, Japan, and the Western Powers
• A. China in Turmoil
• China is hurt by Taiping Rebellion and being
  taken advantage of in trade by Europeans
• B. Japan Confronts China
• Japan helped China put down the Boxer Rebellion

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• Boxer Rebellion
• One group was called the Boxers popular name
  given to members of a secret organization called
  the Society of Harmonious Fists
• They were upset by the foreign takeover of their
  country
• Especially disliked foreign missionaries and
  Chinese converts saw them as threats to Chinese
  traditions

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• Beginning of 1900, Boxers killed missionaries and
  converts, along with foreign businessmen
• Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and the
  U.S. attack Beijing
• They end the rebellion and restore order
• Left the govt even weaker
• In the end, internal problems and the European
  advance into China proved to be the undoing of
  the Qing

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Foreign Troops in China
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• Russo-Japanese WarJapan defeats Russia
• War with Russia caused by competition over
  influence in Manchuria and Korea
• Japanese forces move into Manchuria and defeat
  Russian troops there
• Japan conquered Manchuria and Korea making it an
  imperial power

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Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?
Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened
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The Japanese Became Obsessedwith Western Styles
Civilization and Enlightenment!
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Everything Western Was Fashionable!
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Everything Western Was Fashionable!
Japanese soldiers with their wives.