Social%20Movements%20%20in%20Antebellum%20America

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HITLER
Solidification of Power
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Appeal of Hitler

• Germany was in the midst of an economic
  depression with hyper-inflation
• Hitler was a WW I hero who talked about bringing
  glory back to the Fatherland
• He promised the rich industrialists that he would
  end any communist threat in Germany
• Constantly blamed Jews for Germanys problems,
  not the German people.
• Hitler was an excellent public speaker.

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Structure of Government

• Single-party state one in which only one
  political party holds power
• Centralized state one in which power comes from
  a central location
• Working towards the Fuhrer

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Moderate Approach
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A Moderate Approach
Consider What evidence is there so far that
Hitler is a moderate? Has Hitler been
radical so far? Explain
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A Moderate Approach

• Law Against Formation of New Parties
• Law to Safeguard the Unity of Party and State
• Law Concerning the Head of the German Reich
• Parallel Institutions

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Night of the Long Knives

• By mid-1934, Hitler seemed to be master of all
  Germany.
• He had banned opposition parties, taken control
  of the press, outlawed troublesome unions and
  thrown communists and other political dissidents
  into concentration camps.
• The only significant elements of Germany not
  subject to Nazi control or infiltration were the
  Reichswehr (military), wealthy industrialists and
  some higher levels of the bureaucracy.

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Night of the Long Knives

• Hitler now attended to problems and potential
  threats within the Nazi movement, especially the
  Sturmabteilung (SA).
• The SA had played an important role in Hitlers
  elevation to power, particularly during the three
  Reichstag elections of 1932-33.
• Now, in early 1934, the SA leader Earnest Rohm,
  one of the veterans of the Beer Hall Putsch and
  who had help the SA membership skyrocket, has now
  rivaled the popularity of Hitler.

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Night of the Long Knives

• Hindenburg, suggested imposing martial law to
  deal with the SA and hustled Hitler into action.
• On June 30th 1934 he called on the fiercely loyal
  Schutzstaffel (SS), ordering them to arrest Rohm
  and dozens of other prominent SA leaders.
• Those arrested were either
• Executed
• shot resisting arrest
• forced to commit suicide
• The death toll was listed as 85 people, though it
  may have been much higher.

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Night of the Long Knives

• Ernst Rohm was held in a prison cell for two
  days, while Hitler considered what to do with his
  former friend. In the end, Hitler gave the order
  for Rohms execution. SS officers presented Rohm
  with a pistol and invited him to commit suicide.
  When he refused, they shot him themselves.
• Hitler also used the Night of the Long Knives
  to eliminate political opponents and settle some
  old scores.
• Former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, who was
  plotting the return of the Hohenzollern monarchy,
  was shot dead, along with his wife.
• The man who had engineered Hitlers rise to
  power, vice-chancellor Franz von Papen, was
  arrested and removed from office.

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Night of the Long Knives
Rohm
Von Schleicher
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Strasser
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Propaganda
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Propaganda
Early tool of the Nazi Party First influence by
Hitler directly Minister of Propaganda and
National Enlightenment Joseph Goebbels
Goebbels
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The essence of propaganda consists in winning
people over to an idea so sincerely, so vitally,
that in the end they succumb to it utterly and
can never escape from it. -Goebbels
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Language Propaganda

• Employment office- labor mobilization
• Worker- Soldier of Labor
• Work- Service to Fuehrer and folk
• Factory Meeting- Factory Roll Call
• Production- The Production Battle

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Message
Anti-Semitism Nationalism
Master Race Lebensraum
www.youtube.com/watch?vhRHhPNzQXHI
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Film
The Eternal Jew (1940) Jew Suss (1940) Which is
more effective? Why?
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Volksempfanger
Radio was Hitlers most effective tool Poor
quality Volksempfänger was sold at low prices to
ensure that the Nazi message was spread 70
ownership
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Other Propaganda

• Press 82 owned by state
• Music Wagners music represented Volkish values
• Under the Nazi regime, all music produced had to
  fit within certain standards defined as "good"
  German music.
• Suppression of specific artists and their works
  was common, yet musicians were permitted limited
  artistic freedom.
• The Nazis attempted to create a balance between
  censorship and creativity in music to appease the
  German people.

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• This blend of art and politics led to a
  three-prong policy regarding musicians and
  artists
• Loyal Nazi members who were talented musicians
  were guaranteed a job.
• Loyal Nazi members who were not talented
  musicians were not guaranteed a job.
• Any non-Jewish person who demonstrated a "genius"
  for music and was a member of the Reichsmusikkamme
  r (Reich Music Chamber) was permitted employment.
  
• This exception in policy permitted musicians like
  conductor Wilhelm Furtwangler and composer
  Richard Strauss to continue working.

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• According to Hitler and Goebbels (Hitler's second
  in command), the three master composers that
  represented good German music were Ludwig van
  Beethoven, Richard Wagner, and Anton Bruckner.
• All three composers lived prior to the 20th
  century.
• Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) believed that
  "strength is the morality of the man who stands
  out from the rest."
• Hitler identified himself with Beethoven as
  possessing that heroic German spirit. Beethoven
  was so loved by the German people that his legacy
  of music was unrivaled by any other composer.
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?v_-mvutiDRvQ

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Richard Wagner (1818-1883) was Hitler's favorite
composer. During World War I, it is reported, he
carried Wagner's music from Tristan in his
knapsack. Often Hitler had Wagner's music
performed at party rallies and functions.
Wagner's music was uncompromisingly serious, and
intensely Teutonic. It was not only Wagner's
music that 'struck a chord' with Hitler, but also
his political views. Wagner wrote a violently
antisemitic booklet in the 1850s called Das
Judebthum in die Musik (Judaism in Music)
insisting the Jews poisoned public taste in the
arts. He founded the Bayreuth festival, which
in the 1930s and 1940s was used by the Nazi party
as a propaganda tool against the Jews.
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• Censorship of Literature and Book Burning
• www.youtube.com/watch?vJf-HZz5Qv8E
• SHIFT to anti-intellectual
• ArtDoesnt reflect much

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Points to consider

• Why was the moderate approach successful?
• What elements of propaganda were most successful?
  Why?

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Indoctrination
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Nationalist Socialist Teachers League
Goal Spread the Nazi world view Unanimous
support of teachers by 1937 Reported on
political reliability of teachers for purpose
of promotions, and ensured Nazi indoctrination of
teachers Actively resisted intrusions by other
organizations
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Hitler Youth
Founded 1922 as youth branch of the SA HJ
(Hitler-Jugend)14-18 year old males German
Youth for boys 10-14 Purpose create future
Aryan supermen who would become mentally
physically fit soldiers
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Hitler Youth
Shift from anti-establishment to
pro-establishment weakened appeal of Hitler
Youth 1933 2,300,000 members result of
mergers with other youth groups 1936 5,000,000
members law making membership mandatory for
Aryans 1939 over 80 of young men were members
of HJ
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League of German Girls
BDM (Bund Deutscher Mädel) girls alternative to
Hitler Youth Goal wife, mother, and homemaker
(anti-feminist) Push for childbirth led to many
illegitimate births creating conflict between
the ideals of Party and individual families
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Labor Fronts
DAF (Deutsche Arbeitsfront) replaced Germanys
trade unions Against both capitalism and
worker-based revolution (?) Newly negotiated
contracts promised benefits for Nazi loyalty
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Labor Fronts
Strength through Joy (KdF Kraft durch Freude)
cheap holidays subsidized sporting leisure
facilities Beauty of Work (SdA Schönheit der
Arbeit) renovated outdated factories with new
lounges, cleaner working spaces, etc. to appeal
to workers Reich Labor Service (RAD
Reichsarbeitsdienst) addressed unemployment by
requiring unemployed men ages 16-25 to work on
national projects (ex Autobahns) Reichsberufswet
tkampf national vocational competition
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Womens League
National Socialist Women's League
(NS-Frauenschaft) provided political role for
women contrary to Nazi anti-feminism Released
bi-weekly pro-Nazi womens magazine Instructed
women in the use of German-manufactured products,
such as butter and rayon, as part of the
self-sufficiency program
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Christian Church
Reich Church attendance minimal Nazi Church
Secession campaign failed to get Germans to leave
Church Confessional Church established in
reaction to Aryan Paragraph, encroachments on
Christianity, anti-Semitism, and euthanasia
Obstacle to full totalitarian state
Niemoller
Bonhoeffer
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Repression
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SS
Schutzstaffel Defense Corps -part of Nazis
since 1920-originally an element of the
SA-especially loyal to Hitler SS selected
members to establish an order of Aryan men who
were superior in racial purity and ability a
model for the Nazi vision of a master race.
Sig runes
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SS
Led by Heinrich Himmler since 1925 Recognized as
a state organization once Hitler comes to power
in 1933 Played a crucial role in Night of the
Long Knives (1933), effectively replacing
SA Established the SD in 1932 and absorbed the
Gestapo in 1934 Controlled concentration camps
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SD
Sicherheitsdienst Security ServiceNazi
intelligence agency established in 1932 Task
Detection of the enemies of Nazi leadership
through intricate informant network Divided into
a number sections by 1939
Domestic Foreign
Legal Racial Culture Religion Industry Commerce High Society Espionage by region W. Europe USSR Japan Americas E. Europe
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Gestapo
Secret police used against German citizens
Established by Hermann Göring in 1933 after
gaining control of the Prussian police became
nation-wide force under Himmler in
1934. Considered sister-organization of
SD Pervasiveness of secret police threat of
concentration camps established state of fear
(even if not very effective)
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Gestapo
Department A (Political opponents) Department B
(Sects and Churches) Department C
(Administration and Party Affairs)responsible
for card files of all personnel, including all
officials Department D (Occupied
Territories) Department E (Counterintelligence)
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Securing the Military
1933 Night of the Long Knives 1935 Expands
peacetime army 1938 Reorganization allows
Hitler to solidify control Pre-War
successes-remilitarization of
Rhineland-expansion into Austria-expansion into
Czechoslovakia
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Reich Main Security Office
SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt established in 1939
to merge SD, Gestapo, and other SS
subgroups RSHA coordinated security in
occupied territories SS oversaw Ghettos and the
Final Solution Waffen-SS combat branch of SS
during WWII used to secure Hitlers control of
military Represents the dominance of the Nazi
police state ORepitomizes overblown Nazi
bureaucracy
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Opposition(?)
Edelweiss Pirates were young men who dodged HJ
and military by leaving school before 17 years of
age White Rose student group increasingly spread
anti-Nazi pamphlets and propoganda Widerstand
(Nazi Resistance) united various underground
movements within Nazi groups, as well as remnant
Socialist Party and the Red Orchestra 6 attempts
on Hitlers life during WWII by army officers
most famous being the 20 July plot (1944) which
led to the execution of over 5000 officers
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Points to consider
Who were the targets of indoctrination?
Why? Analyze the strengths weaknesses of
indoctrination. Explain the transition from Nazi
State to SS Police State. Analyze the strengths
weaknesses of repression.
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THE
END
.......................Until the start of World
War II