Intergovernmental Relationships, Decentralization and Local

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Russian Presentation

• Intergovernmental Relationships, Decentralization
  and Local
• Governance

Dr. Louis A. PicardProfessor of Public and
International Affairsand African
Studies Graduate School of Public and
International AffairsUniversity of
PittsburghPittsburgh, PA 15260USA
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Questions End of Discussion

• 1. What major historical factors appear to have
  defined Governance, Local Government and Civil
  Society in Russia
• 2. What factors are unique and different in
  Russia from Europe and international experiences
• 3.To what extent is society and culture
  important at the "country, regional and local
  level?

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Theme

• The Nature of Intergovernmental Relationships

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German Intergovernmental Relations
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Overview Historical Patterns of Relations

• AT ISSUE - Location of ultimate power and
  Responsibility
• Definition of Power
• The authoritative allocation of values
• Balance Leadership, Authority and Choice

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Symbolism, Power and AuthorityLeadership as Image
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Authority
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Authoritarian States
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Types of Democracy

• South African Kgotla

• Direct Democracy-
• Actual direct participation of a population in
  decision-making about laws, customs and
  regulations

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Or Panchayat in IndiaTown hall or village model
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TYPES OF INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AND
INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS

• Confederation and loose con-federal relationships

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The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of
Confederation, drafted in 1777 by the Continental
Congress, served as the first Constitution of the
United States.
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Confederation Relationships

• Power lies with the sub-units
• U.S. Articles of Confederation
• Canadian Federation
• European Union
• Southern African Development Council
• Economic Council of West African States
• ASEAN
• Mercusor

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Federalism

• Concept Can Transfer additional authority back
  to the sub-units but not take power away from the
  federated governments (Provinces, states)
• Principal Divided Soveregnty

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Federal Systems

• In Federal Relationship
• Some power lies with the National Unit
• Some power lies with lower units
• Layer Cake

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Governance as a cake
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Layers of Government Intertwined
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Federal Powers

• Unique or Exclusive Powers- Federal and State
• Concurrent Powers- Federal and State
• Devolved Powers- State and Local
• Denied Authority

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Federal Systems

• Key Distinction
• 1. Lower units cannot break away from the
  National Unit
• 2. National Units cannot take power away from
  the lower units
• 3. Divided Sovereignty

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Federalism Examples

• USA
• Canada
• Germany
• Nigeria
• India
• Russian Federation
• Austria
• Switzerland
• Malaysia

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Federal Relationships

• Indian States

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Indian Inter-Governmental Relations
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Unitary Systems and Sub-regional units

1. All power ultimately lies at the national level
2. What power the local level has, is given to it by
   the national level
3. The power that the national unit has given to the
   local level can also be taken away from it

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Unitary Government
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Unitary Systems- Examples

• United Kingdom
• France
• Hungary
• Kenya
• Japan
• South Africa? (Unitary or Quasi-Federal)
• Bolivia
• China?
• Palestine?
• Indonesia
• Sweden

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Subsidiarity European Union Term

• Subsidiarity is the idea that matters should be
  handled by the smallest (or, the lowest)
  competent government authority possible.
• It is presently best known as a fundamental
  principle of European Union Law. According to
  this principle, the EU may only act (i.e. make
  laws) where member states agree that action of
  individual countries (or local governments) is
  insufficient.
• Subsidiarity has become a principle of public
  sector reform in LDCs

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Subsidiarity Summary

• Concept Transfer of authority to a lower level
  of government
• Primary Unit of Government Lowest level that
  carries a bureaucracy with it
• Alternative Social
• Service Delivery Systems
• Debated- eg. Health in USA

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Models of Subsidiarity Review

• Devolution Federal or Unitary (Political)
• Deconcentration (Administrative)
• Delegation (Special Unit- PAT)
• Privatization (Contracting Out)
• Program and Project Deconcentration Principal
  Agency Issue)

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Intergovernmental Relationships

• Basic Assumptions

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Devolution

• Transfer to a non-Federal political body
• e.g. Budget and personal authority to district
  and town councils
• Key- power lies with lower level politicians

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Evolving Devolution towards Federalism?
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Deconcentration

• Transfer of authority to administrators at lower
  level within the administrative system

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Deconcentration

• Functional vs. Prefectoral
• Prefectoral integrated
• Prefectoral unintegrated

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French Prefect Jura RegionAissa Dermouche
(Appointed Governor)
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Control Systems
Functional
Home Affairs
Local Govt.
Labor
Education
Agriculture
Public Works
Council
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
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Control Systems
Prefectoral - Integrated
Interior
Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
District Office
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
Council/Chief
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Control Systems
Prefectoral - Unintegrated
Local Govt.
Interior
Labor
Education
Agriculture
Public Works
Police
District Office
Council/ Chief
Police
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
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Delegation

• Transfer Function Outside of line Departments
• Use of Board
• Commercialization

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Delegation
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Delegation

• Transfer of authority to a statutory body such as
  Public Corporations or parastatals (UK)
• Eg. AMTRAK in USA

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Privatization

• Transfer function out of government sector
• More than Contracting Out

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Principles of Privatization

• Key Conditionality- Privatization of the economy
  within a context of administrative Reform

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Principles of Privatization

• a. divestiture (full sale)
• b. contracting out
• c. liquidation
• d. sell off public private partnership shares

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The View from the 1980s
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Principles of Privatization

• Goal Small government and return to the
  recurrent budgeting process and balanced budget
  principles of Neo-Orthodox Economists
• Fiscal Crisis has both called this into question
  and supported very small government

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Programs and Projects

• Program and Project Deconcentration (Principal
  Agency Issue)
• Assymetric Relationships
• Prone to Patron-Clientalism

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Asymmetric interests when a principal hires an
agent
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Program and Project Decentralization

• 1. Sectoral - By regular line or agency within a
  Ministry
• E.g. Focused activity - seed production (Green
  Revolution)
• Agricultural experiments

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Indian Department of Agriculture
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Program and Project Decentralization

• 2. Deconcentration or Devolution of authority to
  central level special unit
• eg. Transport, water, health or education
  projects to subordinate administrative or
  structures
• (Education Service)
• PAT (Port Authority Transport) Buses in
  Pittsburgh

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Program and Project Decentralization

• 3. Inter-Ministerial Committees or Units
• Planning supervision
• Overlapping memberships, e.g. Land Use Planning

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Land Use Plan- Germany
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Program and Project Decentralization

• 4.Creation of field level Special Project
  Units with semi- autonomous status (Special
  designated geographical areas)

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Program and Project Decentralization Project
Decent.

• E.g. A Range management project or
• Integrated Rural Development - Most well known
  type of special project
• Multitude of project activity in different
  sectors that may overlap or compliment.

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Rural Socio-Economic Enhancement Scheme

• 2.1 Integrated Rural Development 2.2
• Small Irrigation Schemes Development
• 2.3
• Integrated Farming Systems Development
• 2.4
• Revobue Multipurpose Dam
• 2.5
• New Cash Crops Establishment
• 2.6
• Livestock Development
• 2.7
• Farmers' Associations Promotion
• 2.8
• Grain Storage Development
• 2.9
• District Water Supply
• 2.10
• Rural Electrification
• 2.11

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Questions and Discussion

• 1. What major historical factors appear to have
  defined Governance, Local Government and Civil
  Society in Russia
• 2. What factors are unique and different in
  Russia from Europe and international experiences
• 3.To what extent is society and culture
  important at the "country, regional and local
  level?